The Era Of Mass Incarceration Essay - 1961 Words

Introduction and Thesis Statement Throughout recent decades in the United States, and other Western countries, the prison population has dramatically and exponentially risen from approximately 357,292 inmates in 1970 to 2,306,200 in the year 2014. This has been coined as the era of mass incarceration, with the United States becoming the largest prison nation in the world. Within these present statistics, one in seventeen white men, compared one in three black men will go to prison, illustrating the obvious inequality and racialized justice that is embedded throughout U.S. societal, political and legislative spheres. In the mid 1990’s the government, with the help of popular demand, enacted the ‘get tough’ prison ideology in which the â€Å"No Frills Prison Act† was passed (Johnson 1997). The idea behind this movement of a harsher prison environment, with the regulation and/or exclusion of certain amenities and recreational programming, further criminalized prison inmates while continuing to punish them once they were in prison. In present day, there have been many attempts to increase recreational opportunities and programs within prisons, including but not limited to sports, work, rehabilitation programs, educational programs and much more. Many researchers and criminal rights advocates have attempted to increase the awareness of the effectiveness from different types of recreational programs, with many resulting in positive outcomes. Through the combination of personalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Incarceration During The Era Of Mass Imprisonment2337 Words   |  10 PagesWestern’s, Punishment and Inequality in America, discusses the era of the â€Å"Prison Boom† that occurs from 1970-2003—when incarceration rates climbed almost five times higher than they had been in the twentieth century—while stating the effects and consequences that mass imprisonment created within the United States penal system. By discussing the disparities of incarceration between sex, age, race and education level, and how post-incarceration affects opportunities such as marriage and high-waged employmentRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 PagesMass incarceration is known as a net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designedRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and lega l scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power a nd how the Supreme CourtRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, which was noted in the U.S constitution. To speed things along you have the slavery which transferred to convicted leasing to Jim Crow Era and now Mass Incarceration which all has striped millions of the people, whom are in the lower caste systems, away from their families similar to slavery. This paper focus on how mass incarceration has become the new form of Jim Crow and slavery. The Unit ed Stated population represent 5% of the world population, but we have 25% of the world prisonersRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that today’s mass incarceration is the new Jim Crow. Michelle Alexander, an associate professor of law at Ohio State University, outlines her argument for how she came to see the United States legal system as a system of racialized social control in her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. She argues that mass incarceration is a type of racial caste system similar to Jim Crow, the â€Å"war on drugs† is the greatest contribution to mass incarceration, and much of theRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has ree merged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface and perform a song titled Jump Jim Crow. (Bart-Planged) A decadeRead MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreRacial Inequalities And Racial Inequality1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifested in American society in ways that underlies a wide range of societal domains such as housing patterns, educational opportunities, healthcare inequality, and incarceration rates. Current events and experiences demonstrate moreover that racial inequality is still adamant in the American culture. Long after slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the civil rights movement, racial inequality has taken distinctive forms which affect many people within a racially oppres sed group. Racial segregation at large

Counseling Scenario Free Essays

The second scenario involves children in a divorce counseling group. It is expected that emotions can and will be stirred. Surprisingly, my co-leader became angry at one of the children after the latter described how angry she is at her mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Scenario or any similar topic only for you Order Now My co-leader reacted by comparing the child with her daughter and the child’s mother to another â€Å"victim†. The reaction of my co-leader is certainly uncalled for and is beyond our professional limits as counselors. Nevertheless, there are several ways in handling the situation. The most immediate step that can be done is to control the situation. This can be achieved by directly intervening and talking things down. I can explain to the child that my co-leader has also been in the same situation as hers and that, as a consequence, her feelings can go off as well. On the other hand, I will also tell my co-leader that we should be professional in dealing with the children. I will explain to her that much is expected from us as counselors, and that we should not let our personal circumstances cloud our judgment. I will further remind her that the reason why we are counseling the children in the first place is because they need counseling and because we are in a better position to understand their experiences. It is said that â€Å"to behave in ways which are destructive to oneself or others is not only distressing and disturbing, but also ethically inadmissible† (Callender, 1998, p. 77). This particularly applies to counselors. Ethical guidelines should always be kept in mind so that counselors will act appropriately with respect to their clients (Voskuijl and Evers, 2007). It is important for us, counselors, to bear in mind our professional responsibilities. We should not let our emotions and personal circumstances get in the way of our responsibilities towards others. My co-leader should learn from the ethical guidelines of being a counselor or from plain moral sensibilities. How to cite Counseling Scenario, Papers

Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior. Answer: Introduction Consumer behavior refers to study of the individuals, group of people or organizations regarding the activities associated with the purchasing, using and disposal of products and services. This discipline also includes the study of the consumers emotional, psychological and behavioral responses resulting in those activities. As stated by Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte (2012), consumer behavior is a study of integrated social sciences with elements taken from sociology, psychology, ethnography, behavioral economics, social anthropology and marketing. This is a complex field of study. Understanding consumer behavior is extremely important for any consumer goods and services manufacturing company. The emotions, tastes and preferences and attitudes of the consumers have a significant influence on the buying behavior, which has a direct impact on the sales and profit of the goods (Solomon et al., 2014). The companies take appropriate actions regarding production and marketing strategies based on the consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is affected by many factors and psychological factors are one of them. While studying and understanding the consumers buying behavior, the companies must focus on understanding the psychological factors. There are many theories of consumer behavior that address various aspects of it and it is highly important to understand those by the product to make a strong position in the market. Frederiks, Stenner Hobman (2015) say that as there is constant change in the standard of living, fashion, trend, technology, tastes and preferences, the purchasing behavior of the consumers varies too. Consumer behavior is the foundation of revenue and profit for the business managers and marketers. The main purpose of marketing is to satisfy the needs and demands of the customers and understanding consumer behavior helps them to decide the changes to be made in the current process or introducing any new product or strategies to grow the business. Consumer behavior is mostly dependent on the psychological and social factors as well as on the business factors, such as, quality and price of the products and services, brand image etc. (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013). To make necessary changes in the features of the product or in the marketing strategy, the psychological factors of consumer behavior must be analyzed and understood by the companies. Theories of consumer behavior There are multiple theories of consumer behavior, addressing different aspects, suitable for different purpose. From the marketers point of view, there are four major theories of consumer behavior. These theories majorly focus on the psychological factors and purchasing behavior of the consumers. Those are as follows. This theory by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in the late 1960s,addresses the pre-existing attitude of the customers that influence the purchasing decision making. The consumers act in their best intentions and take rational actions. The specificity is important, as the consumers take a specific decision when an equally specific outcome is expected (LaCaille, 2013). Hence, marketers must provide a specific positive result with a purchase and within the time between the intention of purchase and actual purchase the consumers can change their mind to change their purchase decision based on some rational act. EKB model expands the theory of reasoned action with a 5 step process during a purchasing behavior. The consumers first absorb the marketing information, process the information and compare with expectations and past experiences, take purchasing decision based on rational insight, while being influenced by the decisional variables and external factors and finally make the purchase (Solomon et al., 2014). The marketers must provide enough information to inflict the purchasing desire among the target consumers to create a brand image. This theory presents a pyramidal and hierarchical structure of the needs of people that shapes the motivation of them. The elements from the bottom of the pyramid are physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization (Anderson, 2014). The marketers try to create demands based on the hierarchy of needs. The consumers also prioritize their purchases towards fulfilling the needs, based on the hierarchy. This theory explains the creation of artificial need by the marketers. Consumers often make purchases based on the impulses. Sudden impulses for buying also exist alongside the rational buying decisions. According to Stern, the impulsive buying decisions are influenced by external factors. There are purely impulsive purchase, reminded impulsive purchase, suggested impulsive purchase and planned impulsive purchase. These provide immense scope to the marketers. They must find out the factors, such as, advertising, packaging and offers that can attract the target customers and create the impulses to make the purchase (Muruganantham Bhakat, 2013). Differences between consumer and organizational buying decisions Consumer buying decisions Organizational buying decisions Consumer wants and business needs Demand for discrete consumer products, which they may want but not need (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2012) Businesses need a solution to the specific business problems or equipment required for daily operation Specialized market Markets are huge with billions of customers Markets are smaller and vertical Degree of independence and closer proximity Remote transactions between buyers and sellers through a retailer (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013) Supplier visits the business to make a deal. Product importance Tangible products are more important Purchasing decisions goes beyond the tangible product and include various technical, economic and personal relationship (Wind, Thomas Sheth, 2014) Product customization Smaller consumer goods often do not provide the scope for high level of customization Business products are specialized. They need a high level of technical customization before applying Product knowledge Mass market does not require knowledge about the supplier or production process for purchasing (Oliver, 2014) Business buyers have in depth technical knowledge about the product, manufacturers and suppliers (Miller Rice, 2013) Expert buyers and multiple decision makers Individual purchasing decisions can be taken Collaborative decision taken by the board Buying process Informal and takes shorter time Formal and takes longer time Relationship between theory of consumer behavior and the development of marketing activities Marketing activities are developed according to the behavior of the consumers. Social, economic, psychological factors influence the purchasing decisions of the consumers. The marketing activities or strategies are designed following these factors and aligning those to the external and internal influential factors. Segmentation, targeting and positioning are done by the marketers according to the consumer behavior (Armstrong et al., 2015). By applying the theory of hierarchical needs or impulsive buying, the marketers segments the market and implements targeting policy according to their behavior. Positioning of the products is also done based on the consumer behavior. The marketing or promotional activities are designed according to the marketing strategies, undertaken following the theories of consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). The critical analysis of the marketing activities and the underlying consumer behavior can be explained through some real world examples. The marketers take the theory of needs, impulsive buying and reasoned action into consideration while developing the marketing activities. For example, the luxury car manufactures create artificial need to the customers, and they buy the luxury car for satisfying the social reasons, such as, esteem, status. They put the price over the basic need, which is a Veblen effect (Lantos, 2015). The cosmetics companies create artificial need and psychological feel good factor to the women and women buy the products to satisfy their impulsive buying behavior or the need of esteem and self actualization by looking beautiful and feeling confident (Schtte Ciarlante, 2016). People buy cereals to satisfy the basic need of food, while the cereal manufacturing companies offer slightly differentiated products and engage in non-price competition to capture a bigger market. These activities are undertaken to satisfy the impulsive buying nature and the physiological need of the consumers (East et al., 2016). People visit amusement parks to satisfy the need for recreation and the parks provide the feel of adventure, thrill and satisfaction that motivate the consumers to visit the parks (Lin, Li You, 2012). Application of theoretical frameworks to real world consumer contexts All the above mentioned examples are from the real world that highlights different type of purchasing behavior. All of these behaviors follow from the psychological factors, influencing the consumer behavior. The psychological factors of consumer behavior include lifestyle, self-image and personality of the consumers. The mannerisms, habits, emotions, tastes and references, perceptions, motivation, lifestyle outlook, learned experiences and motives, self-esteem, traditionalism, attitudes and beliefs are the fundamental psychological factors that determine the path of the consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). All the consumer behavior is the resulting effect of various psychological, social and economic factors, which come from the lifestyle, social status, income, desire of the people and these shape the brand image, brand loyalty and responses to the marketing post purchase. The motivation and attitude towards making a purchase comes from the desire to own the product that would boost t he social status or make the consumer feel confident or just fulfill the basic needs (Shiau Luo, 2012). Hence, understanding the psychological factors is extremely essential to get the essence of the consumer behavior for the businesses. The needs and wants of the consumers should be analyzed by applying different theories of the consumer behavior, which would help the marketers to make proper segments of the market and choose the most appropriate strategy for the target market. References Anderson, A. (2014). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), 7. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2016).Consumer behaviour: Applications in marketing. Sage. Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., Hobman, E. V. (2015). Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 1385-1394. LaCaille, L. (2013). Theory of reasoned action. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1964-1967). Springer New York. Lantos, G. P. (2015).Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Lin, S. J., Li, C. H., You, C. S. (2012). Consumer behavior and perception of marketing strategy for amusement parks: A case study of Taiwan.African Journal of Business Management,6(14), 4795. Miller, E. J., Rice, A. K. (Eds.). (2013).Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient boundaries. Routledge. Muruganantham, G., Bhakat, R. S. (2013). A review of impulse buying behavior.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), 149. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Schtte, H., Ciarlante, D. (2016).Consumer behaviour in Asia. Springer. Shiau, W. L., Luo, M. M. (2012). Factors affecting online group buying intention and satisfaction: A social exchange theory perspective.Computers in Human Behavior,28(6), 2431-2444. Solomon, M. R., Dahl, D. W., White, K., Zaichkowsky, J. L., Polegato, R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Pearson. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J. (2012).Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tukej, U., Golob, U., Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumerbrand identification in building brand relationships.Journal of business research,66(1), 53-59. Wind, Y., Thomas, R. J., Sheth, J. N. (2014).Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications.

Political Philosophy Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy

Political Philosophy Political philosophy's are the theories and ideas of those who believe that they have an answer to the questions that politics raise in society. The questions that these political philosophers set out to answer range from describing what the state of nature is to what type of regimes are necessary to tame and organize the nature of man. The ideas that they come up with are not all that original. Plato, an early political philosopher and student of Socrates, set out to come up with a society that would function properly. His ideal society would consist of rulers, guardians, and the masses. All of which are molded at a young age to play a societal role in order to contribute to the betterment of their social arena. Plato has gone down in history as one of the better political philosophers to ever live, and arguably the best. While looking at what a society needs, he was able to recognize the needs of a society as well as the needs of the individual. He # humbled the ego of man, when he acknowledged that one individual could not survive on his own and that all people are dependent on others to survive. His idea of an organized community has been the focus of many political philosophy debates and has been a stepping stone from which many philosophers have created their own ideal social environment. Though their theories may not be identical to Plato's, signs of his structures are definitely evident. Thomas Hobbes, a political philosopher in the seventeenth century, had many theories and ideas that seemed to have coincided with Plato's thoughts. Hobbes view of the state of nature was a very primitive one. He felt that in the state of nature there was a war of every man against every man to survive. In the natural state, justice was impossible, because without set limits and structures, everyone has the rights to everything and anarchy is almost inevitable. The only way to escape the unfortunate fate of anarchy would be for everyone to agree to a covenant. In this covenant, all the people would give up their rights and create a sovereign. The conditions of the covenant was to give the sovereign full discretion in dealing with citizens. It was up to the sovereign to protect the lives of the citizens. Quite ironically, the sovereign also had the right to have any citizen # killed. Fortunately, the citizens did not give up their right to fight back and were allowed to, usually to no avail. As long as the sovereign was keeping the majority of citizens alive and maintaining absolute power, the covenant would be considered successful and a civil society would have been created. The covenant proposed in Leviathan, was meant to help keep the common good of peace. As long as people weren't killing each other the common good was being reached and the monarchy was considered successful. If people continued to kill each other the covenant of the absolute sovereign would be looked upon as tyranny. This is clearly comparable to Plato's theory of a civil society. Plato pointed out how no one person could survive by them self or without the help of a controlled civil society. Hobbes takes Plato's idea of men dependent upon other men, to extremes when he reveals that men will kill each other in order to survive. WHY? Because other people have what we need in order to maintain our lives, whether it be property, food or etc. But why do we need a civil society? Hobbes, again is playing off Plato's acknowledgement of the selfishness of man. Because people are selfish and are willing to do whatever it takes to live, they are going to violate others in order to better themselves. Only in a # society where restrictions and laws are placed upon people, will people begin to work with one another instead of against one another in the effort to survive together and use the resources and expertise that each person has to offer. Though Hobbes' way of governing this communal society is a bit different than Plato, it still stems from the same premise. The sovereign that Hobbes describes will be given complete discretion and is trusted to act on what is best for the overall community. Likewise, Plato's rulers are trusted to bring the community together in the hopes of making a strong and flourishing civil society. A definite difference between the two rulers of Hobbes and Plato is that Plato's ruler

Treat Self-Publishing as a Business †Interviewing Elise Kova

Treat Self-Publishing as a Business – Interviewing Elise Kova "Treat Self-Publishing as a Business" – Interviewing Elise Kova We often hear that "the golden age of self-publishing is gone", so we like to use our blog to remind authors that, no, that's not true. There are many more indie success stories than the ones you repeatedly hear about out there, and Elise Kova's is one of them. She started writing in 2013, as a hobby, on Fictionpress. She now has 5 books out in her Air Awakens Series and the first one has over 500 reviews on Goodreads. In this interview, she shares  more about her writing process, why she self-published, and some advice for newer authors.Hi Elise! It’s such a pleasure to have you join us for the Reedsy blog. I want to start off by talking a bit about how you came to write the Air Awakens series. YA fiction has captured the heart of the public in the last few years  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  what is it about the YA fantasy genre that really appeals to you as an author?I love talking about books, so thank you for reaching out to me for this interview!I honestly didn't set out thinking tha t I was going to be a "YA Author". I've always loved writing, but I stopped doing it avidly for about four or so years during college and my MBA. When I sat down to write Air Awakens I didn't do so with the intention of being published, I just wanted to enjoy writing a story that I would want to read myself.When I began looking into publication later I toiled over if Air Awakens was "Adult" or "Young Adult" and the young adult age bracket fit better. I think there is something timeless about the "coming of age" story that we see in so much young adult fiction and many, myself included, are drawn to that. So I'm not surprised Air Awakens developed in that direction.Young adult readers can, and hopefully do, sympathize with and recognize the struggles of the protagonists. Whereas older readers remember going through those times themselves. Even more than that, I think people are constantly evolving and the questions of "Who am I?" and "What do I want?" may be more apparent during the transition into adulthood, but never really go away no matter how old we get.One of the things the series is most commonly praised for is its worldbuilding. The Solaris Empire, the Bond, the elemental magic – all of it is so well-developed! Was this a world you thought up quickly when you started actually writing Air Awakens, or had it been living and growing in your mind before that?I'm awful at planning, it's actually something I'm working on doing more in the future: pre-drafting. So much of the Air Awakens world was built as I went. As a result, there were a lot of things that didn't make sense when all was said and done; directions I thought I may take but never explored, or elements that didn't add anything.The series has gone through extensive rewrites before publication and at that point I really sat down and investigated the world and its mechanics. I cut a lot and refined the rest. 50 Book Marketing Ideas Every Author Needs to Know Read post Most indie authors struggle with getting their books discovered. What is the most important thing that you have done in terms of marketing that you think is responsible for your success?Oh, questions like this are so difficult to answer, as it's all speculation. But I think, for me, I've tried really hard to be both genuine and available to my readers. I'm constantly on my social media outlets and I'm not really shy on them when it comes to saying what I think, what I'm geeking out about, or what I'm up to. The bookish community on Twitter, Instagram, blogs, etc, is full of such amazing people that I've been so so lucky to meet.Follow Elise Kova and Reedsy on Twitter:  @EliseKova  and @ReedsyHQWhy did  you choose to self-publish? What would be  your advice for newer  authors looking to become the next "indie success story"? Do share your thoughts, or ask Elise any question, in the comments below!

Cass Gilbert - Architect of Skyscrapers and Capitols

Cass Gilbert - Architect of Skyscrapers and Capitols American architect Cass Gilbert (born November 24, 1859 in Zanesville, Ohio) is nationally known for his grand neoclassical design of the US Supreme Court building in Washington, DC. Yet it was Lower Manhattan in New York City on 9/11/01 that drew attention to his iconic Woolworth Building, a 1913 skyscraper that survived the nearby terrorist attacks. These two buildings alone- the US Supreme Court and the Woolworth Building- make Cass Gilbert an important part of American architectural history. Although Cass Gilberts name is rarely mentioned today, he exercised enormous influence on the development of architecture in the United States. Completing his formal education in 1879 at Bostons Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Gilbert was trained to know historic and traditional architectural forms. He apprenticed under Stanford White and the high-profile firm of McKim, Mead and White, yet Gilberts own architecture is his legacy. His genius was in merging modern interiors and technologies of the day with historic exterior architectural styles. His Gothic Revival Woolworth Building was the worlds tallest building in 1913, and it had an indoor swimming pool. Combining modern technologies with historic ideas, Gilbert designed many public buildings, including the state capitols of Minnesota, West Virginia, and Arkansas, spreading neoclassic design into the heartland of America. He was a consulting architect for the iconic George Washington Bridge, still used by New Jersey commuters to cross the Hudson River into New York City. Cass Gilberts success as a designer was due largely to his skill as a businessman and his ability to negotiate and compromise. Inventing the Skyline: The Architecture of Cass Gilbert, edited by Margaret Heilbrun, captures the spirit of a man who spent a lifetime trying to balance these qualities. Essays by four scholars analyze Gilberts major projects, his sketches and watercolors and his contributions as a city planner. Along the way, readers are given an inside look at Gilberts creative processes- and his conflicts and compromises. For example: Originally, Gilbert planned to place womens toilets only on every third floor of the Broadway Chambers Building.Discord erupted when Gilbert refused to use local stone for the Minnesota State Capitol.Gilberts vision for the George Washington Bridge included fountains, sculptures, and granite towers.Gilbert believed that colored terra-cotta was essential in the design of modern skyscrapers.   Gilbert died May 17, 1934 in Brockenhurst, England, yet his architecture continues to be part of the American skyline. The most comprehensive records of Cass Gilberts work are housed at the New-York Historical Society. Some 63,000 drawings, sketches, blueprints and watercolor renderings plus hundreds of letters, specifications, ledgers and personal files document the firms New York practice. In linear footage, the Societys Gilbert collection is about as high as his celebrated Woolworth Building. Selected Projects by Cass Gilbert 1900: Broadway Chambers Building, New York City1902: Essex County Courthouse, Newark, New Jersey1904: Festival Hall and Art Building, St. Louis, Missouri1905: Minnesota State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota1907: US Custom House, New York City1913: F.W. Woolworth Company Building, New York City1915: Arkansas State Capitol Building (completed project), Little Rock, Arkansas1917: Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, Ohio1921: Detroit Public Library, Michigan1926: Plans for George Washington Bridge, New York1928: New York Life Insurance Building1932: West Virginia State Capitol, Charleston, West Virginia1935: U.S. Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. Quotes by Cass Gilbert In conducting business (especially for the office) never forget that the greatest danger arises from cocksure pride.Beware of over-confidence; especially in matters of structure.It is only the young and callow and ignorant that admire rashness. Think before you speak. Know your subject. Cass Gilbert in History Although today a new appreciation for architecture based on historic themes has reawakened interest in the work of Cass Gilbert, this was not always the case. By the 1950s, Gilberts name had slipped into obscurity. Modernism, which idealized sleek, unadorned forms without ornamentation, became fashionable and Gilberts buildings were often dismissed or even ridiculed. British architect and critic Dennis Sharp (1933-2010) had this to say: The fairly pedestrian designs created by Gilberts firm did not prevent it from gaining popularity. The majority of buildings the firm designed were gothicized skyscrapers, the most famous of which was the Woolworth Building. Works designed by the firm during the early 1930s were competent Classical buildings which lack the originality of such contemporary Modernists as Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.~ Dennis Sharp. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. New York: Quatro Publishing, 1991. ISBN 0-8230-2539-X. NA40.I45. p65. Sources Photo of Woolworth Building on 9/11/01 by Michael Rieger/FEMA News Photo 3949/National Archives; Courtyard of the Cathedral Cloister Monreale Watercolor by Cass Gilbert from Arttoday.com, published with permissionQuotations from Maxims for My Office Organization

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Motivation - Essay Example This piece of research work addresses motivation as an important tool that managers take in to account to get things done successfully through others. Based on Bratton’s (2012, p. 191) view that motivation highlights the nature of employment relationship, this paper explains different ways that managers use to motivate their employees. Motivation and Management Motivation is an important management strategy with which managers can accomplish their goals and lead the organization to a high performing and out-performing organization. Robbins and Judge (2011) defined motivation as a â€Å"process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of efforts toward attaining a goal† (p. 204). They identified basic three elements in motivation- intensity, direction and persistence. With intensity, they meant the way people try to work hard. High or low intensity may not always lead to favourable outcome unless people’s effort is channeled th rough direction. They also argued that motivation has persistence dimension because it is important to see how long a person can maintain effort. Motivation is something that influences people’s behavior and attitude towards pursuing a specific outcome. As Lussier, Achua and Lussier (2009, p. 79) noted, motivation is a quest for a personal gain and therefore managers have to consider it as an opportunity to be seized to help the organization achieve its goals such as increased productivity, competitive advantage and long term profitability. Daft and Lane (2008, p. 226) argued that motivation is a force, either internal or external to people, that stimulates enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a specific action that managers or leaders want them to do. Both Robbins and Judge (2011) and Daft and Lane (2008) have considered persistence as a very important element in motivation. Managers and leaders are required to use motivation as strategic link between people and their ways t o achieve organizational goals. In making motivation such as link, it should in turn direct people’s skills, talent, knowledge and experiences towards the accomplishment of organization’s goal and managers’ vision. Management creates a specific environment internal to the organization in which individuals work in groups with a view to perform efficiently and effectively towards attainment of a group or common goal. As management is a process of creating, developing and affecting organizational objectives and available resources to realize organizational aspirations, managers’ central task is managing people and motivation is at its heart. Management is simply getting things done through others and therefore managers need to understand people in the organization and their varying requirements in order to influence them by helping them meet their needs and requirements (Msoroka, 2012, p. 2). Newstrom and Davis (2004, p. 30) found that the result of an effec tive organizational behavior is motivation and therefore when motivation is combined with employee skills and abilities, it results in the achievement of performance goals and individual satisfaction as well. Motivation thus builds two-way relationship. The two-way relationship created by motivation is mutually supportive because manager and employee are jointly influencing each other as well as jointly benefiting. It highlights the view

Ganga river Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ganga river - Essay Example Here it must be noted that the whole population which lives on the river basin depends on Ganga for agricultural, domestic and industrial water consumption. Taking into account all these facts, it can be confirmed that Ganga as a geographical and cultural element, plays a very important role. To have a critical view on this role, it won’t be enough to limit the analysis to the physical, biological and environmental systems associated with the river. For any analysis to happen, it must be understood that sociologically, the river Ganga is more than a river for the people and the culture associated with it. There are a set of systems ranging from environmental to mythological which combines to constitute the landscape of the river. The objective of this essay is to analyze the role of Ganga as a socio cultural entity and to understand its changing ritualistic relationship with the community. The Geographic spread of Ganga In order to understand the cultural relevance of Ganges, it is primarily important to understand the geographic spread and details of the river. The river covers more than a quarter of the country’s landscape. It comes up to 26.3% of the total area of India (Trivedi , 2010). It is considered to be largest river basin. Ganagotri Glaciers are the primary source of origin of Ganga river. It flows through the Himalayas and flows down the country starting from Haridwar (Trivedi , 2010). Numerous tributaries join Ganga at different parts of its flow through the country. The Ganga-Brahmatutra-Meghna basin of which Ganga basin is a part stretches across to four countries including China, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. However, a major chunk of this lies in India extending up to 80% of the total basin. The river flows through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (Trivedi , 2010). Ganga as a sacred river The cultural landscape of the river has evolved in connection with the divine approach that the community associated with the river has linked with. To understand the socio ecological aspects in connection with the river it is important to understand the perception of the population connected with Ganga. The predominant socio religious concepts of India have considered water bodies as sacred. Rivers are perceived as â€Å"extensions and partial manifestations of gods† (Shiva, 2002). The Hindu mythology states that the existence of life on earth has been made possible due to the flow of heavenly water (Shiva, 2002). Connecting, this to the fact that, Himalayas, where The Ganga originates from is considered to be heaven, the mythological relevance of Ganga as a scared river can be assumed. The sacredness of Ganga has been nourished by the socio cultural ambience of the places through which it flows. Ganga flows through a number of scared cities including Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath, Gangotri, Kedarnath, Varanasi and Alla habad. This stretch of landscape stretching across the Himalayan zone and the Indo-Gangetic plain creates an ecological system which connects to the Hindu mythology. This ecological system spreads beyond a physical space. It is a combination of natural resources, mythical concepts, religious structures, biological systems and rituals (Shiva, 2002). The Socio-cultural landscape of Ganga As mentioned earlier, the landscape of Ganga

Rough Draft Essay Example for Free

Rough Draft Essay Imagine if someone is pretending to be you, using your credit card to indulge themselves in items that they would never be able to afford. Credit card fraud is far too common today, losing a wallet can mean losing your identity. A credit card can be a positive or negative thing, depending whose hands it’s in. Credit card fraud is a problem, that I believe, I have found the solution to. Fraud is any negative type of deception or trickery. Credit card fraud is the problem of our generation because we are constantly hit with new technology and it distracts us from the things we are responsible for. The leading victims of credit card fraud are those at the ages between 21 through 36†, (credit. com). There are many types of credit card frauds including, â€Å"counterfeit cards, lost or stolen cards, identity-theft fraud, or simply giving your information to a company who isn’t legit, but is only after your money†, (Statistics Brains). In the end credit card fraud effects all of us, because it ruins the economy with all the money that is â€Å"borrowed† but not reimbursed. It can mentally, emotionally, and physically affect the card holder who has to deal with all the financial troubles that can potentially ruin a life if it isn’t dealt with properly. According to Nan Little, author of the article â€Å"The Negative Effects of Stress†, states that â€Å"stress is the leading cause of anxiety, depression, heart disorders, weight, and difficulty sleeping†. â€Å"Credit card fraud costs hundreds of millions of dollars every year†, (Bob Nefer). That is money that could be used for school programs, or positive outreaches to our own communities, which are in need. Consequences can become depressing as the holder sometimes has to pay out of pocket. If payments are neglected a collection company will take money from his or her paycheck. My solution to credit card fraud would be a GPS tracker inserted into all credit cards. The tracker would allow its holder to always know where their card is. First, I would talk to executive owners of most credit card companies, and tell them about my great idea. Second, I would then have investors invest in my idea and craftily build the micro GPS tracker as thin as a single sheet of paper. Finally after incorporating it into participating cards, I guarantee you they will easily sell. My solution will work because it would prevent the loss of credit cards. If the card is found before any fraud can occur then the problem would be easily fixed. Some may argue that it would take an immense amount of money to create the new traceable cards. Although production of the new cards would require a lot of money, they would ultimately prevent the loss of much more money, and pay for themselves. Additionally all investors would be reimbursed completely. Credit card fraud being so dangerous and causing so much stress, can be resolved by a simple and innovative item, which does in fact save a few headaches. Having technology so advanced in today’s world has made impossible things completely possible. I believe this is just the start of something great for our future, just imagine greater things than this concept. Let us not deprive yourselves from the life we are living now, but indulge ourselves in greater things, because we all deserve it.

Who is Arafat? :: Politics Political

Who is Arafat? Now more than ever President Bush is pushing Israel for a withdrawal from the Palestinian-occupied territories in order get the cease-fire in effect. President Bush once said that one cannot negotiate with terrorists; the question now is whether Arafat is a terrorist or a peacemaker. The answer is simple: Arafat is a terrorist, and President Bush should not force Prime Minister Sharon to negotiate with a terrorist. If Arafat is not a terrorist then why are Fatah and Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (terrorist groups) headed by Arafat (Kalman 1)? President Bush must face the truth about the Arab terror against Israel; he has to "see that the goal of the Arab world has always been, and still is, to destroy the state of Israel"(Podhoretz 2). The fact is that after the Oslo peace accords in September 1993, Palestinians killed more Israelis than in the 15 years that preceded the accord (Kelly 2). If there was no peace as a result of that accord, why should anyone expect peace after any other accord that Arafat is in charge of, as he was in Oslo? How can a man that won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, now urge Palestinians to "sacrifice themselves as martyrs in jihad (holy war) for Palestine"(Kalman 2)? Is this a man that anyone can negotiate with? Reuters reports that on April 1, 2002 "one of Lebanon's most prominent Shiite Muslim cleric [gave] his blessing to female suicide bombers, like [the] one who struck in Jerusalem on Friday (March 29, 2002), calling them authors of a 'new, glorious history for Arab and Muslim women.'"(Par. 1) President Bush must see that: "there is no moral difference between the terrorists operating out of the PA and the al-Qaida network. He will recognize that to sponsor the establishment of a state run by the thugs and murderers of the PA would be tantamount to putting the Taliban back into power in Afghanistan" (Podhoretz 4). To assail Israel now and make Sharon pull Israeli troops out of Palestinian territory without fully completing their task of rooting out the terrorists would be like telling Bush that he has to pull out American troops from Afghanistan because our troops are invading their land. After Prime Minister Sharon announced war on terrorism and began sending Israeli troops into Palestinian territories, there have been fewer suicide bombings. While Israel was occupying the major Palestinian towns, there were no suicide bombings for about eight days, but as soon as Israel started pulling out, suicide bombings began again. Who is Arafat? :: Politics Political Who is Arafat? Now more than ever President Bush is pushing Israel for a withdrawal from the Palestinian-occupied territories in order get the cease-fire in effect. President Bush once said that one cannot negotiate with terrorists; the question now is whether Arafat is a terrorist or a peacemaker. The answer is simple: Arafat is a terrorist, and President Bush should not force Prime Minister Sharon to negotiate with a terrorist. If Arafat is not a terrorist then why are Fatah and Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (terrorist groups) headed by Arafat (Kalman 1)? President Bush must face the truth about the Arab terror against Israel; he has to "see that the goal of the Arab world has always been, and still is, to destroy the state of Israel"(Podhoretz 2). The fact is that after the Oslo peace accords in September 1993, Palestinians killed more Israelis than in the 15 years that preceded the accord (Kelly 2). If there was no peace as a result of that accord, why should anyone expect peace after any other accord that Arafat is in charge of, as he was in Oslo? How can a man that won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, now urge Palestinians to "sacrifice themselves as martyrs in jihad (holy war) for Palestine"(Kalman 2)? Is this a man that anyone can negotiate with? Reuters reports that on April 1, 2002 "one of Lebanon's most prominent Shiite Muslim cleric [gave] his blessing to female suicide bombers, like [the] one who struck in Jerusalem on Friday (March 29, 2002), calling them authors of a 'new, glorious history for Arab and Muslim women.'"(Par. 1) President Bush must see that: "there is no moral difference between the terrorists operating out of the PA and the al-Qaida network. He will recognize that to sponsor the establishment of a state run by the thugs and murderers of the PA would be tantamount to putting the Taliban back into power in Afghanistan" (Podhoretz 4). To assail Israel now and make Sharon pull Israeli troops out of Palestinian territory without fully completing their task of rooting out the terrorists would be like telling Bush that he has to pull out American troops from Afghanistan because our troops are invading their land. After Prime Minister Sharon announced war on terrorism and began sending Israeli troops into Palestinian territories, there have been fewer suicide bombings. While Israel was occupying the major Palestinian towns, there were no suicide bombings for about eight days, but as soon as Israel started pulling out, suicide bombings began again.

Leadership Observation

Apart from the KAIZEN approach being widely practiced in Japan, the one thing which, despite belonging to their culture, has given the Japanese manufactures a competitive edge is their methodology of   inviting open discussion from each n’ every employees of the company on regular basis. Toyota has proved itself to be the world’s best not only in terms of automobiles manufacturing an d assembling but compared to all manufacturing concerns any where in the world. Achieving the status of the market leader wasn’t an easy task! Toyota (Japan) however made it possible. It was only through the participative approach employed by them as a basic requirement of their very corporate culture. Toyota motor corporation (TMC) has been the world’s third largest automaker (2001) offering full range of models from mini-vehicles to large trucks. Global sales of its Toyota & Lexus brands, combined with those of Daihatsu and Hino, totaling 6.17 million units in the calendar year 2002 (Goldoftas & Levine, 1999). On September 11, 2003 it was reported that Toyota gained a learned leading position on the ‘Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI)’ in the 4 automobile sectors. The growth that Toyota has been enjoying is not a one night growth but is part of a longer chain that stems out of their very cultural norms and values. Katsuaki Watanabe, the president of Toyota has much to be accredited with in regard of the Toyota’s recent overwhelming and world renowned growth factor. Toyota’s success is not only because eof any tools or equipment they use; but the encouragement by the there top management people such as Watanabe, who allow the employees to experiment and thus achieve a higher result regarding what they do in the company’s production process. Be it as simple as installing a seat to as complex as designing and offering a new model to the production department. The Toyota Corporation has trusted its employees in delivering their best and they do it very-well. The time is a huge constraint in any organization especially regarding critical and/or strategic decisions regarding the future plans; competitors’ move etc. at Toyota, Watanabe like other of his predecessors has continued the practice even in the time of so much rapid advancements in the technology. The Toyota employees had the solution to the time management too. Each employee knew very well about what he/she was responsible to do and how they did it. At the end of each day when they were gathered they were asked to go through what they did and how they think they can improve it. This reduces the time taken by mangers to keep wandering about which topic they would be covering and the can get the accurate information about each n’ every scenario of what has been going on. In participative leadership, open and easy way communication is critical. Watanabe ensured that and at the production facilities every one assembles in the huge hall assigned for the assembly. This is a step to have a clear communication session between the top management and the other member of the organization. The culture of sharing ideas and the social networking with friends and colleges is part of their practices and they are used to it. Watanabe has been successful in delegating both pleasant and unpleasant task to the employees after giving them enough authority and responsibility regarding their tasks. He as the president, devised the plan of clarifying goal sto each and every employee and to provide support to them so that they can work at their best and update company with confidence on any improvements that they think are necessary, hence resulting in a cumulative positive effect on the overall performance of the company creating a synergy of individual efforts to achieve corporate objectives via allowing effective participation of employees so that they feel that they have a â€Å"say† in the organization’s decision making. The participation of employees, at Toyota, along with Katsuaki Watanabe has yielded significant benefits. References Adler Paul S., Goldoftas Barbara & Levine David I. (1999) Flexibility Versus Efï ¬ ciency? A Case Study of Model Changeovers in the Toyota Production System: Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley.   

Death penalty †capital punishment

  Death penalty has begun a long time ago, perhaps since Eighteenth Century B.C.   And a hundred or maybe even thousand numbers of murderers and criminals have been sentenced of it.   But the question still remains and is always debatable whether it is just right to have death penalty or not.I may not be directly affected by this capital punishment. But at the back of my mind, I also ask why there must be death penalty or not.   And as I balanced my views and ideas about this, the thought that there should no death penalty weighs more.Now, let’s take a look on the history of death penalty. This punishment has long been practiced since the times of King Hammurabi of Babylon for 25 different crimes. Death penalty was also made as the only punishment for all crimes according to Draconian Code of Athens, Hittite Code and Roman Law of Twelve Tablets.   The punishment of death is carried through drowning, hanging, burning alive, crucifixion, beating to death, and beheading .   And take note of the crimes they considered punishable by death penalty: not confessing to a crime, treason, cutting down and tree and stealing. (Death Penalty Information Center, 2007)America was then influenced by Britain during the colonial period.   And the offenses punishable of death includes stealing grapes, killing chickens, denying the â€Å"true God† or striking one’s parents.Seeing that these are only minor offenses if taken into considerations, abolitionist movements were formed. Some became successful of abolishing the death penalty like in Austria and Pennsylvania except for murder and treason. However, it progress again in Twentieth Century and five out of six abolitionist countries reinstated their death penalty as the America enters World War I.   The good thing is that the number of executions decreased as other nations agreed that the death penalty be limited if not abolished.So even at that time, there are movements of abolishing death pen alty.   Although at some point, others see it as a necessary social measure. Still, as many others do so, I don’t agree of this capital punishment. As I believe that no one has the right to take one’s life for whatever reason.Others argue that death penalty deters crime. But is practicing it not another crime where you also kill a human?   And as always, two wrongs will never make a right thing.For the past years, hundred numbers of prisoners were found to be innocent and released from the death row.   Imagine how they would face the society again.   They may perhaps be damaged inside, having to fear death, disbelieving the justice and all.   And then there were people who have received the death penalty and in the end were found not guilty.   The deathly penalty is really a cruel punishment and yet was not taken carefully by those in authority.   How can one accept it then?I also believe that one can still change.   One can still start a new life. One can have a new life with his family.   And death penalty deprived them this chance.The time they would spend inside the prison would at least let them think about their offenses and realized their mistakes. Sentencing them to death would just make their life easier.   But if they will stay in jail, they would suffer the consequences of their wrongdoings and realize how much prettier life is outside if they didn’t commit the crime.Now this is my opinion.   And this topic of death has always been debatable for the past centuries.   It is then up to you whether you would agree with me or not.   But maybe we should always look at the facts and not merely standing out with our immediate ideas not only about this capital punishment but with all other issues. Be critical.References: College Net Forum. (2007). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from College Net:http://www.collegenet.com/elect/app/app?service=external/Forum&sp=1882Death Penalty Information Center. (2007). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from Death PenaltyInformation Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=15&did=410#IntroductionoftheDeathPenalty

Language Acquisition Theories and How It Influences Teaching

Language Acquisition Theories and How It Influences Teaching Free Online Research Papers Language Acquisition Theories and How It Influences Teaching I have decided that only a few of the theories that in this book and some of the websites I have reviewed, relate to my teaching experiences. My students have more severe disabilities which interfere with communication processing as well as language development. Most of their communication skills are severely limited. My students require constant visual cues to help them focus on what the speaker is trying to communicate; otherwise sensory distractions would cause them confusion. I thought I wouldn’t find a theory in this text that would relate to my students. Instead after reading the text, I have found a few of the theories that did seem to influence how I teach my students daily. I also found the Theories of Language Acquisition web article to be helpful with understanding language acquisition. I still feel that when a teacher is working with students with autism who come from backgrounds where English is not spoken can be a frustrating experience. Students with autism require a consistent, repetitive, instructional routine. They do not process information when it is given in many different techniques. They are slower at processing in formation and many of them are non-verbal which interferes with understanding. They also lack generalization which means that they have to be re-taught the same skill in a totally new environment. A language acquisition theory that stands out with me personally is Hymes’ Theory of Communicative Performance (Diaz-Rico p. 55). He says that â€Å"the use of language in the social setting is important in language performance.† (55). I am fortunate to have some verbal students but they speak very simple 1-2 phrases at the most. I have to use visual prompts with them to help them focus on what they are attempting to communicate. I can relate to this theory because the main focus of my program is to get my students to learn to communicate their individual needs in a more socially acceptable and understandable manner. In addition, it helps them understand that language is a form to allow other people help them with their basic needs. Another theory I relate to in my teaching is Krashen’s Monitor Model of language Acquisition (56). The Acquisition-Learning Theory Hypothesis is what my students mostly relate to because he says that â€Å"Acquisition is subconscious, and occurs via natural interaction. Learning requires effort and conscious though. This occurs via formal instruction, like that provided in a classroom (Vose).† I teach my students how to use language in appropriate contexts and how to communicate effectively using the classroom as the place to learn. Another theory is the Acculturation/Pidginization Theory which assumes that the degree of proficiency of language is â€Å"determined by how much a student’s learning the target language is willing to assimilate to the culture of the target language group (Vose).† Even though most of my LEP students come from backgrounds that their second language is Spanish, my students speak or communicate through English in my classroom. They unders tand that if they attempt to use English which is the target language in my classroom, they will be successful in learning this language. I have only a few students who have the ability to actually speak somewhat fluently which does help. The Discourse Theory is another theory that I can relate to as well. This theory emphasizes that learners acquire a second language usually more successfully by participating and communicating with others in a more natural setting (Vose). Most of my students are taught in a community setting where they can learn to use some of the language that I have taught in the classroom. They learn that a â€Å"city bus† is the bus that you pay to ride to take you around the community and not only a bus that will bring you to school. They also learn various survival signs that are in the community as well. This is probably the most influential of theories that my students would have to relate to more than the classroom settings. My students are learning functional skills such as learning to socialize, be around new people, and learn about community places as well. They learn skills such as the use of money and learning to purchase items as well. Students with autism benefit from being taught these skills in a more natural setting which allow them to generalize and transfer these skills into other environments. References Diaz-Rico, L., Weed, K. (2006). The cross cultural language and academic development handbook: a complete k-12 reference guide. Third ed. Boston: Pearson. Vose, K. (n.d.). Some theories of second language acquisition. Retrieved Feb. 05, 2006, from Language Acquisition in Adults Web site: richmond.edu/~pli/projects/project4/kvmain.html. Research Papers on Language Acquisition Theories and How It Influences TeachingStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paperHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Requisitos seguro mdico CHIP de bajo costo para nios

Requisitos seguro mdico CHIP de bajo costo para nios El Programa de Seguro de Salud para Nià ±os (CHIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es un seguro mà ©dico gratis o a bajo coste para nià ±os y adolescentes  cuyos ingresos familiares les impiden calificar para Medicaid por ser demasiado altos, pero carecen de medios econà ³micos para comprar un seguro mà ©dico adecuado. Recordar que por la ley ACA, que se conoce popularmente como Obamacare  se puede estar obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico y, si no se tiene, puede haber multas. Chip es una opcià ³n para cumplir con ese requisito cuando la compra de un seguro mà ©dico privado para cubrir a los nià ±os resulta muy caro para las familias.   Adems, en algunos estados tambià ©n permite el acceso a embarazadas. Cul es el requisito de edad para obtener CHIP Hay variaciones importantes entre estados, ya que cada uno establece sus reglas. Sin embargo, la regla general ms comà ºn es que la cobertura se extiende a los menores de 19 aà ±os de edad. Adems, algunos estados incluyen la  cobertura de embarazadas sin importar su edad. Quià ©nes califican para CHIP segà ºn estatus migratorio Obviamente, califican los ciudadanos americanos. Pero para todos los que no lo son hay una divisià ³n entre los que califican y los que no. Califican Los  nià ±os y adolescentes  residentes permanentes legales que han cumplido cinco aà ±os con ese estatus, a menos que residan un estado que paga con su propio dinero el acceso a CHIP para estos inmigrantes y/o han aceptado dinero federal para expandir programas ya existentes.   En la actualidad los siguientes estados brindan CHIP a nià ±os sin tener que satisfacer el requisito de los 5 aà ±os de residencia permanente legal: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa,  Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana,Nebraska,  New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,  Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia y Wisconsin. Y tambià ©n Washington D.F. Asimismo, se exceptà ºan de esta regla de los cinco aà ±os los residentes que obtuvieron su green card por motivos humanitarios y los que sirven o han servido con honor en el Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos. En Tambià ©n califican los refugiados, asilados y otros migrantes humanitarios y, en  algunos estados, tambià ©n califican los migrantes en estatus PRUCOL.   No califican Los residentes permanentes cuya green card tiene menos de 5 aà ±os, excepto en los estados que sà ­ estn amparados.Los turistasLos estudiantesLas personas con otras visas no inmigrantes, como de inversià ³n, intercambio o trabajoLos migrantes indocumentados Otros requisitos para CHIP En cada estado se pedir cumplir con ciertos niveles de ingresos. Tambià ©n se mira la composicià ³n de la familia y, en algunos estados, se piden requerimientos de historial laboral o incluso un periodo de tiempo sin cobertura mà ©dica. Uno de los requisitos es el de ingresos econà ³micos. En este punto hay grandes diferencias entre estados pero por regla general puede decirse que: Para el caso de nià ±os y adolescentes la mayorà ­a de los estados piden ingresos inferiores al 200 por cien de lo seà ±alado cada aà ±o por el gobierno como là ­nea de la pobreza. Hay estados que cubren con ingresos inferiores al 300 por ciento e incluso los que brindan beneficios con ingresos ms altos.Para el caso de las embarazadas, por regla general se pide tener ingresos no superiores al 185 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza.   En la mayorà ­a de lo casos la persona a cargo del caso verificar electrà ³nicamente que se cumplen los requisitos, por ejemplo, el nivel de ingresos. Sin embargo hay una excepcià ³n a esta regla y es que se deber presentar prueba documental de que se cumplen los requisitos migratorios. Quà © beneficios pueden disfrutarse con CHIP Los nià ±os y adolescentes que cuenten con una tarjeta CHIP podrn gozar de atenciones mà ©dicas que varà ­an de estado a estado. Pero en general suelen estar incluidas las visitas regulares al mà ©dico, gastos de hospital, vacunas, anlisis de laboratorio, limpieza y empastes dentales y revisià ³n de la vista y espejuelos. Tambià ©n se incluyen los medicamentos dados con prescripcià ³n del doctor. Adems de las variaciones en cobertura mà ©dica que se producen entre los estados puede ocurrir que, dentro de un mismo estado, los nià ±os tengan diferentes seguros mà ©dicos. La tarjeta de los menores contiene el nombre de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a proveedora de seguro y su nà ºmero de telà ©fono, para poder asà ­ saber con exactitud quà © cobertura tiene cada nià ±o. Con esos datos tambià ©n es posible averiguar quà © mà ©dicos aceptan ese seguro mà ©dico en la zona de residencia del chico. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar CHIP para los nià ±os y adolescentes Sus padres, tutores legales, abuelos o incluso hermanos mayores de edad, siempre y cuanto vivan con el menor al menos seis meses dentro del plazo de un aà ±o. En determinados casos los menores pueden aplicar directamente, como por ejemplo, cuando vivan solos. Aportacià ³n econà ³micade la familia para CHIP Las aportaciones familiares para colaborar con los gastos de este programa varà ­an segà ºn el estado de residencia,  de los recursos  econà ³micos y nà ºmero de miembros de la familia. Es muy comà ºn que haya que pagar una cantidad reducida en concepto de inscripcià ³n inicial.  Por ejemplo, en la actualidad en el estado de Texas el importe mximo que se abona es de 50 dà ³lares. Adems es posible que haya que abonar un co-pago cada vez que se utiliza el servicio. La cantidad varà ­a enormemente y puede ir desde los $2 a los $30. Tambià ©n es posible que resulte totalmente gratis. En todo caso nunca pasar del 5 por ciento de los ingresos familiares por aà ±o. Asimismo, ciertos servicios son siempre gratuitos, como por ejemplo, las vacunas. Cà ³mo verificar si se cualifica y aplicar De 4  maneras es posible verificar y, en su caso aplicar, para CHIP. En primer lugar eligiendo estado en el que se vive en la pgina federal oficial de Medicaid. Se puede hacer haciendo bajar la flechita hasta encontrar el estado o haciendo click en el mapa. Se abrir una pgina nueva con informacià ³n adicional, incluidos requisitos y cà ³mo aplicar. En segundo lugar, ingresando por internet a la pgina de Medicaid de cada estado En tercer lugar, en la pgina del Marketplace para seguros. En este caso, elegir estado introduciendo l zip code y hacer click en continuar. Despuà ©s elegir si se quiere una verificacià ³n de que se cumplen los requisitos o, si se sabe que sà ­, se puede proceder a aplicar. Y, en cuarto lugar, tambià ©n es posible realizar esta gestià ³n marcando gratuitamente al 1-800-318-2596. Quà © estados brindan mayor asistencia con CHIP En realidad 40 estados ms Washington D.C. de alguna forma han extendido el programa CHIP a ms inmigrantes que los que prevà © la ley federal, aunque hay muchas variaciones entre estados. Por ejemplo, en Massachusetts todos los nià ±os que cumplen los otros requisitos pueden tener acceso a CHIP, incluidos los indocumentados. Lo  mismo sucede en Illinois donde ms de 1.5 millones de nià ±os reciben beneficios a travà ©s del programa All Kids, que es como se le conoce en ese estado. Por otro lado, MinnesotaCare brinda cobertura a los residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±os y no pide entre sus requisitos que se haya cumplido 5 aà ±os como residente. Adems, en California los muchachos con DACA aprobado menores de 21 aà ±os pueden tener acceso a Medi-Cal, si cumplen los otros requisitos. En el caso de ciegos o incapacitados no hay là ­mite de edad.   Esto significa que 10 estados sà ³lo cubren los casos bsicos. Estos son: Alabama, Carolina del Sur, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi y Missouri. Cà ³mo se le llama a CHIP en cada estado En cada estado este programa, que tiene fondos federales y estatales, recibe su propio nombre. Este es el listado Alabama: Alabama ALL kidsAlaska: Denali KidsCareArizona:  AHCCCS-KidsCareArkansas:  Arkansas Department of Human ServicesCalifornia: Healthy FamiliesColorado:  Child Health Plan Plus (CHP)Connecticut:  HUSKY ProgramDelaware:  Delaware Healthy Children ProgramFlorida:  Florida KidCareGeorgia:  Georgia PeachCare for KidsHawaii:  Med-QUEST DivisionIdaho:  Idaho CHIPIllinois:  Illinois All KidsIndiana:  Hoosier HealthwiseIowa:  Hawk-IKansas:  KanCare programKentucky:  Kentucky Childrens Health Insurance Program (KCHIP)Louisiana:  LaCHIPMaine:  CubCareMaryland:  Maryland Children’s Health Program (MCHIP)Massachusetts:  MassHealthMichigan:  MIChildMinnesota:  MinnesotaCareMississippi:  Health BenefitsMissouri:  MO HealthNetMontana:  Healthy Montana Kids PlusNebraska:  CHIPNevada:  Check UpNew Hampshire: CHIPNew Jersey:  FamilyCareNew Mexico:  New Mexi-KidsNew York:  Child Health PlusNorth Carolina:  Health ChoiceNorth Dakota: CHIPOhio:  Healthy FamiliesOklahoma:  SoonerCarePennsylvania: CHIPRhode Island:  Rite CareSouth Carolina:  Healthy Connections South Dakota: CHIPTennessee:  CoverKidsTexas: CHIPUtah: CHIPVermont:  Dr DynasaurVirginia:  FAMISWashington: CHIPWashington D.C.: CHIPWest Virginia: CHIPWisconsin:  BadgerCare PlusWyoming:  Kid Care CHIP Beneficiados por CHIP En la actualidad ms de ocho millones de nià ±os y adolescentes  gozan de cobertura mà ©dica a travà ©s de CHIP, lo que representa un costo de ms de $13 billones. Aunque tanto los estados como el gobierno federal contribuyen con fondos, es mayor la proporcià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Por estados, California es, con 1,731,605 menores en este programa, el estado con ms beneficiados, seguido por Texas y Nueva York. Recursos prcticos Algunos estados brindan este tipo de proteccià ³n a travà ©s de una versià ³n extendida de Medicaid. Es el caso de Alaska, Hawaii, Carolina del Sur, Maryland, Vermont, Ohio, Nuevo Hampshire y Nuevo Mà ©xico, adems de Washington D.C. y el territorio de Puerto Rico.  Es importante informarse y que los asistentes sociales indiquen cul es la asistencia disponible segà ºn el caso. Se puede solicitar el ingreso en el programa CHIP en cualquier momento del aà ±o, si bien algunos estados piden que se lleve un tiempo determinado sin cobertura mà ©dica. Y, finalmente, estos son otros recursos a los que se podrà ­a tener derecho: cupones de alimentos tambià ©n conocido como SNAP, Medicaid, Wic para embarazadas e infantes, School Lunch o TANF, que es un programa de asistencia temporal a familias en situacià ³n de necesidad. Cuando se aplica por Medicaid o por CHIP se informa si se puede aplicar por otro programa de asistencia social. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Assess the role of ethics and compliance in pepsi-cola financial Essay

Assess the role of ethics and compliance in pepsi-cola financial environment and procedures they have in place to ensure ethical behavior - Essay Example iding principles namely: prioritizing the welfare of the consumers; ensuring the quality of the products they sell; ensuring the integrity in all business dealings especially financial transactions; respecting other people and employing teamwork in all business dealings; including long-term short-term and goals; and embracing diversity as well as ensuring representation of all groups (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2010). Compliance is ensured through committees that formulate resolution strategies and establishes recommendations necessary to support them. The compliance committee is comprised of four subcommittees whereby finance sub-committee is one of them. The finance subcommittee is involved in maintaining financial accountability across all the company structures. PepsiCo commits to achievement of business and financial success that does not negatively affect the society and maintains a favorable reputation. The approach of the company is to ensure that the financial performance is chara cterized by integrity and enhances the shareholder value. According to PepsiCo Inc., (2010a), the company continues to promote impeccable financial performance through balancing both short-term and long-term goals and extending investments in the strategic global regions to compel sustainable growth. The management has also identified challenges that need to be overcome in attaining the company objectives. The management team of PepsiCo monitors the quality indicators in assessing the financial condition and the business results. According to Ferrell and Ferrell, (2010), the company is committed to maintaining strict corporate standards that ensure the integrity and accountability of all the company processes. This commitment is affirmed by the governance standards that the company applies. The policies applied by the company in achieving proper application of governance include Audit Committee Charter, Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, Corporate Governance Guidelines,