The Era Of Mass Incarceration Essay - 1961 Words

Introduction and Thesis Statement Throughout recent decades in the United States, and other Western countries, the prison population has dramatically and exponentially risen from approximately 357,292 inmates in 1970 to 2,306,200 in the year 2014. This has been coined as the era of mass incarceration, with the United States becoming the largest prison nation in the world. Within these present statistics, one in seventeen white men, compared one in three black men will go to prison, illustrating the obvious inequality and racialized justice that is embedded throughout U.S. societal, political and legislative spheres. In the mid 1990’s the government, with the help of popular demand, enacted the ‘get tough’ prison ideology in which the â€Å"No Frills Prison Act† was passed (Johnson 1997). The idea behind this movement of a harsher prison environment, with the regulation and/or exclusion of certain amenities and recreational programming, further criminalized prison inmates while continuing to punish them once they were in prison. In present day, there have been many attempts to increase recreational opportunities and programs within prisons, including but not limited to sports, work, rehabilitation programs, educational programs and much more. Many researchers and criminal rights advocates have attempted to increase the awareness of the effectiveness from different types of recreational programs, with many resulting in positive outcomes. Through the combination of personalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Incarceration During The Era Of Mass Imprisonment2337 Words   |  10 PagesWestern’s, Punishment and Inequality in America, discusses the era of the â€Å"Prison Boom† that occurs from 1970-2003—when incarceration rates climbed almost five times higher than they had been in the twentieth century—while stating the effects and consequences that mass imprisonment created within the United States penal system. By discussing the disparities of incarceration between sex, age, race and education level, and how post-incarceration affects opportunities such as marriage and high-waged employmentRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 PagesMass incarceration is known as a net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designedRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and lega l scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power a nd how the Supreme CourtRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, which was noted in the U.S constitution. To speed things along you have the slavery which transferred to convicted leasing to Jim Crow Era and now Mass Incarceration which all has striped millions of the people, whom are in the lower caste systems, away from their families similar to slavery. This paper focus on how mass incarceration has become the new form of Jim Crow and slavery. The Unit ed Stated population represent 5% of the world population, but we have 25% of the world prisonersRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that today’s mass incarceration is the new Jim Crow. Michelle Alexander, an associate professor of law at Ohio State University, outlines her argument for how she came to see the United States legal system as a system of racialized social control in her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. She argues that mass incarceration is a type of racial caste system similar to Jim Crow, the â€Å"war on drugs† is the greatest contribution to mass incarceration, and much of theRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has ree merged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface and perform a song titled Jump Jim Crow. (Bart-Planged) A decadeRead MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreRacial Inequalities And Racial Inequality1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifested in American society in ways that underlies a wide range of societal domains such as housing patterns, educational opportunities, healthcare inequality, and incarceration rates. Current events and experiences demonstrate moreover that racial inequality is still adamant in the American culture. Long after slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the civil rights movement, racial inequality has taken distinctive forms which affect many people within a racially oppres sed group. Racial segregation at large

Counseling Scenario Free Essays

The second scenario involves children in a divorce counseling group. It is expected that emotions can and will be stirred. Surprisingly, my co-leader became angry at one of the children after the latter described how angry she is at her mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Scenario or any similar topic only for you Order Now My co-leader reacted by comparing the child with her daughter and the child’s mother to another â€Å"victim†. The reaction of my co-leader is certainly uncalled for and is beyond our professional limits as counselors. Nevertheless, there are several ways in handling the situation. The most immediate step that can be done is to control the situation. This can be achieved by directly intervening and talking things down. I can explain to the child that my co-leader has also been in the same situation as hers and that, as a consequence, her feelings can go off as well. On the other hand, I will also tell my co-leader that we should be professional in dealing with the children. I will explain to her that much is expected from us as counselors, and that we should not let our personal circumstances cloud our judgment. I will further remind her that the reason why we are counseling the children in the first place is because they need counseling and because we are in a better position to understand their experiences. It is said that â€Å"to behave in ways which are destructive to oneself or others is not only distressing and disturbing, but also ethically inadmissible† (Callender, 1998, p. 77). This particularly applies to counselors. Ethical guidelines should always be kept in mind so that counselors will act appropriately with respect to their clients (Voskuijl and Evers, 2007). It is important for us, counselors, to bear in mind our professional responsibilities. We should not let our emotions and personal circumstances get in the way of our responsibilities towards others. My co-leader should learn from the ethical guidelines of being a counselor or from plain moral sensibilities. How to cite Counseling Scenario, Papers

Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior. Answer: Introduction Consumer behavior refers to study of the individuals, group of people or organizations regarding the activities associated with the purchasing, using and disposal of products and services. This discipline also includes the study of the consumers emotional, psychological and behavioral responses resulting in those activities. As stated by Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte (2012), consumer behavior is a study of integrated social sciences with elements taken from sociology, psychology, ethnography, behavioral economics, social anthropology and marketing. This is a complex field of study. Understanding consumer behavior is extremely important for any consumer goods and services manufacturing company. The emotions, tastes and preferences and attitudes of the consumers have a significant influence on the buying behavior, which has a direct impact on the sales and profit of the goods (Solomon et al., 2014). The companies take appropriate actions regarding production and marketing strategies based on the consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is affected by many factors and psychological factors are one of them. While studying and understanding the consumers buying behavior, the companies must focus on understanding the psychological factors. There are many theories of consumer behavior that address various aspects of it and it is highly important to understand those by the product to make a strong position in the market. Frederiks, Stenner Hobman (2015) say that as there is constant change in the standard of living, fashion, trend, technology, tastes and preferences, the purchasing behavior of the consumers varies too. Consumer behavior is the foundation of revenue and profit for the business managers and marketers. The main purpose of marketing is to satisfy the needs and demands of the customers and understanding consumer behavior helps them to decide the changes to be made in the current process or introducing any new product or strategies to grow the business. Consumer behavior is mostly dependent on the psychological and social factors as well as on the business factors, such as, quality and price of the products and services, brand image etc. (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013). To make necessary changes in the features of the product or in the marketing strategy, the psychological factors of consumer behavior must be analyzed and understood by the companies. Theories of consumer behavior There are multiple theories of consumer behavior, addressing different aspects, suitable for different purpose. From the marketers point of view, there are four major theories of consumer behavior. These theories majorly focus on the psychological factors and purchasing behavior of the consumers. Those are as follows. This theory by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in the late 1960s,addresses the pre-existing attitude of the customers that influence the purchasing decision making. The consumers act in their best intentions and take rational actions. The specificity is important, as the consumers take a specific decision when an equally specific outcome is expected (LaCaille, 2013). Hence, marketers must provide a specific positive result with a purchase and within the time between the intention of purchase and actual purchase the consumers can change their mind to change their purchase decision based on some rational act. EKB model expands the theory of reasoned action with a 5 step process during a purchasing behavior. The consumers first absorb the marketing information, process the information and compare with expectations and past experiences, take purchasing decision based on rational insight, while being influenced by the decisional variables and external factors and finally make the purchase (Solomon et al., 2014). The marketers must provide enough information to inflict the purchasing desire among the target consumers to create a brand image. This theory presents a pyramidal and hierarchical structure of the needs of people that shapes the motivation of them. The elements from the bottom of the pyramid are physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization (Anderson, 2014). The marketers try to create demands based on the hierarchy of needs. The consumers also prioritize their purchases towards fulfilling the needs, based on the hierarchy. This theory explains the creation of artificial need by the marketers. Consumers often make purchases based on the impulses. Sudden impulses for buying also exist alongside the rational buying decisions. According to Stern, the impulsive buying decisions are influenced by external factors. There are purely impulsive purchase, reminded impulsive purchase, suggested impulsive purchase and planned impulsive purchase. These provide immense scope to the marketers. They must find out the factors, such as, advertising, packaging and offers that can attract the target customers and create the impulses to make the purchase (Muruganantham Bhakat, 2013). Differences between consumer and organizational buying decisions Consumer buying decisions Organizational buying decisions Consumer wants and business needs Demand for discrete consumer products, which they may want but not need (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2012) Businesses need a solution to the specific business problems or equipment required for daily operation Specialized market Markets are huge with billions of customers Markets are smaller and vertical Degree of independence and closer proximity Remote transactions between buyers and sellers through a retailer (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013) Supplier visits the business to make a deal. Product importance Tangible products are more important Purchasing decisions goes beyond the tangible product and include various technical, economic and personal relationship (Wind, Thomas Sheth, 2014) Product customization Smaller consumer goods often do not provide the scope for high level of customization Business products are specialized. They need a high level of technical customization before applying Product knowledge Mass market does not require knowledge about the supplier or production process for purchasing (Oliver, 2014) Business buyers have in depth technical knowledge about the product, manufacturers and suppliers (Miller Rice, 2013) Expert buyers and multiple decision makers Individual purchasing decisions can be taken Collaborative decision taken by the board Buying process Informal and takes shorter time Formal and takes longer time Relationship between theory of consumer behavior and the development of marketing activities Marketing activities are developed according to the behavior of the consumers. Social, economic, psychological factors influence the purchasing decisions of the consumers. The marketing activities or strategies are designed following these factors and aligning those to the external and internal influential factors. Segmentation, targeting and positioning are done by the marketers according to the consumer behavior (Armstrong et al., 2015). By applying the theory of hierarchical needs or impulsive buying, the marketers segments the market and implements targeting policy according to their behavior. Positioning of the products is also done based on the consumer behavior. The marketing or promotional activities are designed according to the marketing strategies, undertaken following the theories of consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). The critical analysis of the marketing activities and the underlying consumer behavior can be explained through some real world examples. The marketers take the theory of needs, impulsive buying and reasoned action into consideration while developing the marketing activities. For example, the luxury car manufactures create artificial need to the customers, and they buy the luxury car for satisfying the social reasons, such as, esteem, status. They put the price over the basic need, which is a Veblen effect (Lantos, 2015). The cosmetics companies create artificial need and psychological feel good factor to the women and women buy the products to satisfy their impulsive buying behavior or the need of esteem and self actualization by looking beautiful and feeling confident (Schtte Ciarlante, 2016). People buy cereals to satisfy the basic need of food, while the cereal manufacturing companies offer slightly differentiated products and engage in non-price competition to capture a bigger market. These activities are undertaken to satisfy the impulsive buying nature and the physiological need of the consumers (East et al., 2016). People visit amusement parks to satisfy the need for recreation and the parks provide the feel of adventure, thrill and satisfaction that motivate the consumers to visit the parks (Lin, Li You, 2012). Application of theoretical frameworks to real world consumer contexts All the above mentioned examples are from the real world that highlights different type of purchasing behavior. All of these behaviors follow from the psychological factors, influencing the consumer behavior. The psychological factors of consumer behavior include lifestyle, self-image and personality of the consumers. The mannerisms, habits, emotions, tastes and references, perceptions, motivation, lifestyle outlook, learned experiences and motives, self-esteem, traditionalism, attitudes and beliefs are the fundamental psychological factors that determine the path of the consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). All the consumer behavior is the resulting effect of various psychological, social and economic factors, which come from the lifestyle, social status, income, desire of the people and these shape the brand image, brand loyalty and responses to the marketing post purchase. The motivation and attitude towards making a purchase comes from the desire to own the product that would boost t he social status or make the consumer feel confident or just fulfill the basic needs (Shiau Luo, 2012). Hence, understanding the psychological factors is extremely essential to get the essence of the consumer behavior for the businesses. The needs and wants of the consumers should be analyzed by applying different theories of the consumer behavior, which would help the marketers to make proper segments of the market and choose the most appropriate strategy for the target market. References Anderson, A. (2014). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), 7. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2016).Consumer behaviour: Applications in marketing. Sage. Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., Hobman, E. V. (2015). Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 1385-1394. LaCaille, L. (2013). Theory of reasoned action. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1964-1967). Springer New York. Lantos, G. P. (2015).Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Lin, S. J., Li, C. H., You, C. S. (2012). Consumer behavior and perception of marketing strategy for amusement parks: A case study of Taiwan.African Journal of Business Management,6(14), 4795. Miller, E. J., Rice, A. K. (Eds.). (2013).Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient boundaries. Routledge. Muruganantham, G., Bhakat, R. S. (2013). A review of impulse buying behavior.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), 149. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Schtte, H., Ciarlante, D. (2016).Consumer behaviour in Asia. Springer. Shiau, W. L., Luo, M. M. (2012). Factors affecting online group buying intention and satisfaction: A social exchange theory perspective.Computers in Human Behavior,28(6), 2431-2444. Solomon, M. R., Dahl, D. W., White, K., Zaichkowsky, J. L., Polegato, R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Pearson. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J. (2012).Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tukej, U., Golob, U., Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumerbrand identification in building brand relationships.Journal of business research,66(1), 53-59. Wind, Y., Thomas, R. J., Sheth, J. N. (2014).Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications.