Relevance of The Organization Man by William Whyte in Todays World

Question: Talk about the Relevance of The Organization Man by William Whyte in Today's World. Answer: The Organization Man is a benchmark and one of the most powerful books throughout the entire existence of the board, composed by William H. Whyte. It was distributed in 1956. This book has managed the predicaments of the gathering ethos, which were created in the social and social world after the World War II. This book is viewed as a noteworthy sociological and business clarification of present day times. This gives a point by point depiction of the impacts of open associations on the American individuals (Rao 2012). The focal thought of this book is that, after some time, the normal Americans have begun to follow the cooperation guideline as opposed to following the current tough independence idea. Whyte appeared in the book that, in todays world, individuals are turning out to be persuaded that, the gatherings and the associations can take better choices for the prosperity of the general public than what an individual can take. The associations give increasingly effective stage to the people to perform better and advantage all (Nocera 2014). The mid century similarity and the contrast among community and independence are represented in this book by Whyte. During the 1950s and 1960s, the working existence of the Americans concentrated on the picture of similarity. Around then, the possibility of similarity was portrayed through representatives wearing indistinguishable dim suits and sitting in long lines of indistinguishable work areas. This was featured in this true to life book by Whyte. The writer portrayed a whole period of the business world in his book. Whyte watched and considered the American organizations and said that the head of community guided the American laborers. This act of carrying on as indicated by the socially acknowledged standards of cooperation, delineated in The Organization Man has assisted with clarifying the hierarchical culture and conduct of the American organizations in the mid century, and later, ages opposed it (Mills 2017). Being the proofreader of the well known money related magazine Fortune, Whyte had the option to watch the corporate universe of America. He found that, the possibility of an ideal society was moving from individualistic view to the collectivistic view. The period after World War II, for example from 1940s to 1960s, achieved colossal monetary development in America. Right now, the organizations became bigger, made interminable number of employments for the white collar class individuals, and brought incredible flourishing. The development of the pre-arranged rural networks, and the upheaval of advances, from TV to solidified food, has additionally risen in this period, which was making life simpler (Whyte 2013). Whyte was empowered by this thought the new innovation and the corporate American culture could carry answers for all the issues of life. With this thought, he met the CEOs of numerous huge corporate places of America. Agreeable to him, he found that this disposition was avail able among all the CEOs and the workers. In this way, he came to reason that, American individuals no longer had faith in the rule of independence, rather they began to have faith in community. In the past period, individuals used to accept that the advancement was accomplished by the gifted people alone, with no much commitment from the others of the general public. Whyte found that this thought of progress was changing (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Individuals currently began to accept that the issues could be best illuminated by a gathering or association, where people meet up and contribute in discovering answers for the issues by committing their individual abilities in the gathering. Nonetheless, Whyte contended that singular inventiveness was required for headway and collectivist mindset brought about dithering for evaluating new things (Cho et al. 2013). This book had critical effect on the corporate culture of America. After the arrival of the book, the working environment of the advanced America has experienced colossal changes. This had made the corporate associations to reevaluate and rebuild their administration and procedures. The associations understood that their structure didn't urge to face challenges in business. At the point when the Silicon Valley in California created in 1970s, the associations followed the exhortation of Whyte and made little organizations, where people information sources and hazard taking disposition were given more significance. After some time, the huge organizations lost a lot of their significance while the private ventures developed a wide margin with the assistance of new innovation (Nocera 2014). As another economy has risen, the structure of the socio-social economy has changed. During the 1990s, when the enormous organizations turned out to be less pertinent and little organizations picked u p significance, the rationale of the book got huge. In Whytes book, it was loaded with the clarifications on rising uniformity. As the new time has come, it has been discovered that fairness has been extending as well. The youngsters, who put stock in corporate administration, adequacy, and correspondence, picked up power inside the association, and their qualities were reflected in the corporate compensation. Subsequently, the associations moved towards accomplishing fairness (Lewis 2012). In any case, it has been discovered, that following the cooperation rule, as referenced in The Organization Man, the CEOs of the enormous associations earned multiple times more than what a run of the mill laborer earned in the particular businesses. Before the finish of 2015, the divergence proportion soar to multiple times. Subsequently, the justification of social government assistance referenced in the book was not material for this situation. This marvels for the colossal disparity in pay came about because of globalization and robotization. T he mechanical unrest has achieved a flood of robotization, which has made life and work simpler, and yet, brought about loss of employments for some all through the world. Subsequently, with the improvement in monetary assistance and innovation, the organizations are producing supernormal benefits. Be that as it may, the benefits are reflected in the compensation of the CEOs and top administration individuals, and not in the compensation of the laborers. The community is available in the hierarchical work structure and culture, however not in the compensation structure (Sernovitz 2016). The Organization Man for the most part considered the social changes occurring outside the associations. The creator had concentrated on people groups individual and expert lives and how they respond to any adjustments in the social morals. The move from independence to cooperation inside the association was acknowledged by the individuals and they began to work in like manner. It is as yet applicable, in light of the fact that, presently, numerous Americans, who live in suburbia, consider finding a new line of work in the urban communities and pushing forward, and this mirrors the individualistic mentality. Simultaneously, to accomplish something greater and better, the inclusion of the associations is irreplaceable, supporting the cooperation mentality. The move in culture, economy and associations was following community (Taras et al. 2014). The book is as yet applicable in todays world, since, it portrayed a culture that was moving, in each part of life and inside and outside the work environment. The progress among correspondence and imbalance in the compensation structure is reflected in the lives of individuals, and it is basic to comprehend this progress to investigate the socio-social changes. When Whyte composed the book, the imbalance of pay in the corporate world was absent, still the progress in hierarchical culture occurred. In the cutting edge world, the imbalance is an enormous thing, which impacts the lifestyle of individuals. Be that as it may, the Protestant Ethics and rough independence, as observed by Whyte in the American corporate, are gone somewhat, offering route to the cooperation in todays world. References Armstrong, M. what's more, Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human asset the executives practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Cho, Y.N., Thyroff, A., Rapert, M.I., Park, S.Y. also, Lee, H.J., 2013. Regarding life, what to think about it green: Exploring independence and community as forerunners of ecological behavior.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.1052-1059. Lewis, M., 2012.The New Organization Man. [online] Slate Magazine. Accessible at: https://www.slate.com/articles/expressions/millionerds/1997/10/the_new_organization_man.html [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Factories, A.J., 2017. Man/Aging Subjectivity, Silencing Diversity: Organizational Imagery in the Airline Industry. The Case of British Airways?. InInsights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures(pp. 367-392). Emerald Publishing Limited. Nocera, N., 2014.The Organization Man - Review. [online] Upenn.edu. Accessible at: https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/13785.html [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Rao, V., 2012.The Organization Man by William Whyte: Introduction. [online] ribbonfarm. Accessible at: https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2012/11/18/the-association man-by-william-whyte-presentation/[Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Sernovitz, G., 2016.What The Organization Man Can Tell Us About Inequality Today. [online] The New Yorker. Accessible at: https://www.newyorker.com/business/money/what-the-association man-can-enlighten us-regarding disparity today [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Taras, V., Sarala, R., Muchinsky, P., Kemmelmeier, M., Singelis, T.M., Avsec, A., Coon, H.M., Dinnel, D.L., Gardner, W., Grace, S. what's more, Hardin, E.E., 2014. Furthest edges of a similar stick? Multi-technique trial of the dimensionality of independence and collectivism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(2), pp.213-245. Whyte, W.H., 2013.The association man. College of Pennsylvania Press.

HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

HISTORY - Essay Example The point of Grady was to build up a dynamic and prosperous nation. After the fire mishap in the year 1864, the city of Atlanta raised to a much delightful and strong city. From that point forward, pioneers like Grady needed America to be one among the best nations on the planet. He wanted the New South to be a unified and law based spot. The primary point of Grady was to bring a country where individuals had the opportunity to communicate their perspectives. He needed to achieve an adjustment throughout the entire existence of America. This was made conceivable since southern country changed to a country with more opportunity. Grady sought to make New South a spot with decent variety. Since horticulture was the main type of occupation, it didn't yield quite a bit of a pay. At that point Grady needed the individuals to work in all the fields like the individuals of Northern countries. (Grady 1890).He needed to enjoy individuals in a wide range of businesses and improve their way of life. Grady urged people in general to put resources into capital supports which will improve the monetary status of the nation. Another point of Grady was to improve the businesses so openings for work would increment. Grady wished to abrogate trade guilds and subjugation. This was destroying the individuals of America. Another significant point of Grady was to expel prejudice and treat everybody as same. He strived difficult to stop prejudice. Because of prejudice, numerous Americans and African-Americans thought that it was hard to work in the enterprises. A high pace of contrast was winning in the enterprises which drove Grady to cancel prejudice. African-Americans were not offered chance to work in the enterprises were Americans were working. After a battle Grady figured out how to change this circumstance. Blacks were additionally rewarded as different Americans. His fantasy about bringing blacks into â€Å"New South† worked out. This step by step prompted the improvement in the lives of slaves. Numerous individuals were living in the South as slaves’ pre and post war. (Grady 1890).Grady liberated the slaves from the Southern activity showcase. He started a

Article Critiques on Counseling Theory Free Essays

The direct and procedure of analysis are once in a while characterized by selfobject transferences that ‘mirror’ the genuine psyche and sentiment of the individual concerned. In the primary model, it is uncovered that patients once in a while express ‘cross-sectional snapshot’ when they need for acknowledgment or deference, as an impact of not feeling glad with their achievements. This ‘opening move’ would advance towards an assembly and afterward would advance fearlessly, while the psychoanalyst manages the pathognomonic selfobject transference that is reflected in the logical environment, to think of the improvement of ‘trust’ and a ‘feeling of safety’. We will compose a custom exposition test on Article Critiques on Counseling Theory or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Expository relationship needs commitment from every one of the people, which is the reason, all the while, tolerating, understanding and clarifying past encounters are negative for a fruitful analysis. Understanding the dreams, needs and requests prompts sympathy. In the subsequent model, it was depicted how patients’ responsiveness comes from tolerating ‘their’ reality (Ornstein, 1998, standard. 22) just as tolerating ‘their’ implications and elements of the real world (Ornstein, 1998, standard. 24). Reason: The procedure of compassion is the most ideal approach to direct clinical therapy. System: Centrality of the idea of the selfobject transferences was accentuated by methods for characterizing the idea of the procedure, by concentrating on the encounters of the patients, and by thinking of some broad articulations made out of the subtleties. Discoveries: Empathy and selfobject transferences are simply the premise brain science. Response: This is sensibly evident, since mental treatment must be fruitful with the two finishes (or people) meeting at a typical point. ARTICLE: Ornstein, P. H. (1998). My present perspective on the psychoanalytic procedure. Recovered April 2, 2007, from the Psychology of the Self database: http://www. selfpsychology. com/1998conf/abstracts/pre_Conference_Ornstein. htm. Article Critique #2: Existential hypothesis SUMMARY: The substance of the spirit lays on ‘self-motion’, while its inversion lays on latency (Riker, 2003, standard. 13). As crumbling powers would prompt lack of involvement, at that point moral breaks the constraint made by aloofness, so that there is self-movement and life in the spirit. As reason and ideals control wants and feelings, at that point it prompts development, improvement and realization. Notwithstanding, in the advanced idea of the soul’s life, â€Å"[l]ife is what must disturb itself so as to live† (Raiker, 2003, standard. 18). It must be a free soul that lives with the will-to-control soul of a kid, which exceedingly values life itself†¦ the ability to live, as life is the movement of the spirit. This characterizes turmoil as the correct rearing of a soul’s life, implying that the most alive soul in the advanced period is the ‘alienated individual’ that encounters battle and segregation. Theory: There are various forms on how a spirit might have the option to accomplish its life without limit, some of which are under self-movement, aloofness and turmoil. Methodology: Findings originate from the traditional and present day originations of the soul’s life, just as some biological goals. Discoveries: Classical speculations are particularly inverse to the advanced hypotheses of today. What profoundly supports the life of the spirit currently has all the earmarks of being under the occasion of bedlam and disturbance. In any case, as this implies building up a self or ‘I’ that is fit for living in actuality without suppression or accommodation, the spirit ought to pick its own specific manner of living, which might be a large number of different ways and ways. Response: I concur that decent variety ought to be esteemed definitely. This suggests there is no single manner by which a spirit may live without limit. It relies upon condition of the real world. ARTICLE: Riker, J. H. (2003). The life of the spirit: an exposition in environmental reasoning. Recovered April 2, 2007, from the Psychology of the Self Online database: http://www. psychologyoftheself. com/papers/riker. htm. Article References: Ornstein, P. H. (1998). My present perspective on the psychoanalytic procedure. Recovered April 2, 2007, from the Psychology of the Self database: http://www. selfpsychology. com/1998conf/abstracts/pre_Conference_Ornstein. htm. Riker, J. H. (2003). The life of the spirit: a paper in biological reasoning. Recovered April 2, 2007, from the Psychology of the Self Online database: http://www. psychologyoftheself. com/papers/riker. htm. Step by step instructions to refer to Article Critiques on Counseling Theory, Papers

Furman Essay free essay sample

Much the same as some other youngster, I was unnerved of the dim. Accordingly, consistently my naughty youth self would escape my room and move into my parents’ bed. My mother would be sleeping soundly and my father consistently kept awake until late viewing the History Channel or National Geographic. These were the past times when the History Channel had things other than â€Å"Ice Road Truckers† and together my father and I would watch specials on everything from Julius Ceaser to the Deep Sea. Thinking back that is the thing that began my unadulterated interest with my general surroundings. I found out about rising above individuals and minuscule animals I could never have given proper respect to. My father and the encounters he’s given me have opened my eyes and I’m not the sort of individual who can ever close them again. My closest companion and I will in general get into weird circumstances. We will compose a custom paper test on Furman Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One night, we concluded it would be a great plan to discover the finish of Woodruff Road, a fundamental street in Greenville. We had no clue what might be on the opposite end or what number of miles it would take, so we topped off my vehicle with gas, turned left and simply continued driving. It was an enthusiastic experience, regardless of the way that thinking back on it: none of the things we saw were actually that clever. At the point when we arrived it took us to a crossing point in a town called Reidville. It was a 3 route stop close to a service station and not at all like what we had sought after. We stopped at a relinquished market and meandered how we had even arrived, or moreover, why we needed to begin this experience in any case. We commented on a prior occasion of the night and chuckled until the sound dispersed and transformed into a quiet as we both gazed at one another, hanging tight for the following second. That was it however, we had done what we had decided to do and now we needed to choose where to go. Greenville, South Carolina, is one of those spots where you’ve known everybody since preschool. The person you like-enjoyed in center school would in the end become your blockhead lab accomplice and the young lady who shared her treat in preschool would be your closest companion forever. Presently I’ve go to a point in my life where my choices aren’t made for me. My little undertakings would now be able to be my life. What energizes me most about going into a school like Furman is a domain where I can go past the finish of Woodruff Road. I don’t comprehend what fanciful beasts made me terrified of the dim as a child, yet now nothing alarms me. I’m appreciative to be the lady loaded up with interest, on the grounds that it’s that enthusiasm for my general surroundings that drives me to places a great many people have never been.

Knowledge Work and Organization

Presentation Many associations in various parts are utilizing network of training and advancement to enhance their profitability. Network of training and advancement are interrelated somehow or another. This examination tries to distinguish their likenesses, contrasts and the impacts each have on the association. The last part clarifies the difficulties that organizations that take an interest in informal organizations face.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Knowledge Work and Organization explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communities of Practice From the community’s perspective, networks of training are gatherings of individuals who meet up to meet a shared objective. In the business point of view, it is a gathering of self-inspired individuals who follow spread out methods and are tested to prepare the people working with them so as to improve their efficiency (Wenger 2000, p.45). These people group of training are answerable for the smooth running of the association. In this manner, they are responsible utilizing their insight and aptitudes, are remembered for the arranging of the spending plan of the association, and give the time timetable to the exercises completed in the association. They have antiquities which are records, sites and stories and the delegated part keep up them since they are helpful in the association (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.680). As indicated by Fageberg, Mowery and Nelson (2005, p.362), the networks of training join three components in characterizing capability. They are united by understanding the estimations of their locale and each part is responsible to support the connection between them. For an individual to be capable in the network of training, he/she must be a confided in part and to take part in the exercises of the network (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.688). The accomplishment of each gathering relies upon the skill and the capacity of the pioneer to connect with the entire gathering during the time spent gathering their objective. During the foundation of the network of training, individuals should place at the top of the priority list what will unite them like the occasions, who will be driving the gathering, the activities, availability and enrollment. In contrast to shut development, any individual inside or outside the association can be engaged with performing obligations that will prompt the achievement of the association (Robertson, Paul Langlois 1995, p.560). Advancement Innovation includes carrying significant thoughts into the firm. There are various kinds of advancement, the shut and open development. Open advancement is the point at which those thoughts originate from inside or outside the firm and are intended to profit the association all in all. A large portion of the individuals who make these thoughts are from outside the firm and here and there they are recruited to instruct workers in the association on the best way to execute the thoughts. A dvancement for this situation is the techniques that associations decide to use in light of the difficulties in the business condition. They include changing of the conventional acts of the association to new practices with a point of improving the efficiency of the entire organization.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Innovation incorporates the presentation of machines and innovation that consequently requires prepared faculty who are prepared to apply their insight with the assistance of innovation to accomplish the goal of the firm (Trott Hartmann 2009, p.720). Open advancement standards expresses that the outer innovative work makes more an incentive than the shut development. The associations that utilization shut development accept that they have enough aptitudes required to play out a specific errand so they don't need support from outside the organization. They accept that in the event that they find things for themselves, they will be the first to wander into the market. These organizations are so conceited and don't permit others to profit by their thoughts. This is absolutely in opposition to what open trailblazers see (Dasgupta 2003, p.320). Development includes age of thoughts that are fundamental for an association to keep up its situation in the market. Subsequently, it varies from the network of training in that the network of training follows the thoughts that the trailblazers have just produced in working the association and keeping up their relationship. Development includes instruction, innovation and preparing in the association (Chesbrough 2006, p.111). The representatives are prepared on the utilization of new innovations in their practices to get equipped and include profitability. Network of training utilizes the plans to meet the objectives and targets of the entire association. Along these lines, the network of trai ning requires advancement in their day by day work. Be that as it may, both development and network of training include learning and preparing in the exhibition (Francis 2000, p.34). Social capital is the capacity to discover, join and use information and aptitudes of representatives inside and outside the association. Much the same as open development, social capital includes representatives from outside the individual association. Social capital envelops the data streams, trade of information, network of training and all other associated systems that unite partners in an association. These partners incorporate providers, controllers, representatives, clients and accomplices that are completely inspired by various parts of the association. The social capital and network of administrations are interconnected since both include imaginative practices. The social capital is acquired from representative business systems and the profession.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Knowledge Work and Organization explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More An association that can apply the social capital is in every case increasingly beneficial that the one that has no social capital. Development is a fundamental viewpoint for the profitability of the firm. â€Å"Social capital gives advantages to both the individual and the gathering as a whole† (Burt Ronald 1992, p.45). Contrasts between open advancement and networks of training Communities of training are gatherings of individuals in associations who combine, share thoughts regarding playing out an obligation or meeting an objective and figures out how to the obligation better to get the prescribed procedures. Open development then again includes recognizing and uniting inner and outer assets and thoughts to develop their advancement procedure with a point of keeping up the firm’s advertise position on getting new chances (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 359) Open advancement is an i ntellectual model exploring, making and deciphering development rehearses while the networks of training are not a subjective model. Networks are not confined by the organization’s structure, they include individuals over the geological and authoritative cutoff points while the open development is constrained by the structure of the association and must follow the chain of command. Likenesses of the networks of training and the open development The people group of training must utilize the innovation while as yet sharing their thoughts and becoming familiar with those thoughts. Essentially, open development includes the utilization mechanical practices to acquire new thoughts an association (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 354). The two networks of training and open development include a gathering of people in an association and are planned for improving the exhibition of the firm (Hardcastle 2011, p.52). The individuals from the two networks of training and the development bunch are from various callings and are not confined to one association however include inside and outer information in the improvement of the firms’ execution. Networks of training and open advancement include the way toward picking up scanning for data about how they can make new markets or future open doors for the association. Difficulties Faced by the Organizations’ Social Networks As talked about before, the network of training, the social capital and the training put together systems depend such a great amount with respect to development. Advancement depends such a great amount on the innovation which a large portion of the workers dread since they believe that they will lose their positions. The people group of training may think of thoughts that can cost the association a ton of cash and assets that the association may not manage. The association can be compelled to acquire or enlist the assets, which influence the spending plan and influence the profitability of the as sociation. The social gatherings in the association require visit preparing, which can likewise be expensive to the association (Francis 2000, p.40). Through development, the pioneers in the association might be over had with rivalry giving a lot of strain to different representatives and diminishes their efficiency. As indicated by Chesbrough and Melissa (2007, p. 69), the network of training by and large requests more significant compensation than the others since they have more obligations of changing the old act of the association to new improved procedures. This is a significant test for the association. Individuals see thoughts diversely in this way, for an association to profit completely from the network of training and the social capital, the individuals included must see each other’s conduct. This will assist them with obliging one another. The association is liable for the instruction and administration of this person in seeing one another and improving their insig ht (Chesbrough Melissa 2007, p.62). End Changes in innovation around the globe have improved the presentation of associations. Firms customarily utilized the shut advancement in their innovative work yet today they have changed to open development. Networks of training are additionally utilized in all associations in all areas to create thoughts

Expository Essays Tips, Tricks and Topics

Expository Essays Tips, Tricks and Topics (1) Every student has to write an expository essay at least once in their educational career. These are actually fairly simple essays to write, but they do require some serious research skills. Like most academic essays, the expository essay requires formal writing with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Tips for Writing a Kick-Butt Essay Want to really impress your professor? Here are a few ways you can turn an ordinary essay into something that will blow their socks off. Focus on the Thesis Your thesis is the central point of the entire essay, so if it’s amazing, you’re off to a great start. Begin with this and make sure you decide on something that is impressive to kick off the essay. Listen to the Assignment Your professor may give you hints on what they’re looking for. If you just write down the basics of the assignment, you could miss out on some key points. For example, your professor may hint at a preferred topic or give tips that could result in a higher score. Write it all down and then analyze what is wanted before you write. Pre-write Long before you actually put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard to write the essay, you need to complete the pre-writing phase. This is where you do research and outline your essay. You’ll be amazed at how much better your writing is when you have these basic elements in place first. If you need help with these basic elements consider using an Expository Essay Template. Explain, Don’t Argue If you’re not careful, an expository essay can turn into a persuasive or argumentative essay. Focus on explaining the topic, rather than convincing people of something about it. Revise and Edit, Revise and Edit Going over the essay once to edit and polish isn’t really enough. If you’re tight on time, such as when writing an essay for an exam, just once will do. However, if you have time, it’s a good idea to edit immediately, then let the essay sit overnight or even longer. When you come back, you won’t be as close to the writing and can look at it more objectively. Choosing the Right Topic Topics for an expository essay vary widely, but ideally, you should select something you’re interested in writing about. Topics can answer a question such as “How can we prevent bullying in school?” or they can describe something like a historical building in your area. Other interesting topics to inspire you include: How does technology affect our relationships? How to treat a burn What are the must-haves for a freshman in college? How to handle anxiety attacks naturally How to train your dog to stop barking on command Research the history of a monument in your area Why roller skating is a great exercise As you can see, there’s no limit to the types of topics you can choose for your essay and it really comes down to what the professor assigns you and what you enjoy writing about. How narrow your topic is will also depend on how much you plan to write. An entire history of the Civil War won’t fit into two page, for example, so you’ll need to narrow it down to a specific battle or element of the Civil War. Writing an expository essay can actually be a fun experience if you approach it the right way. When you enjoy the topic and are interested in it, your essay will show that and will stand out from those written out of boredom. Finally, if you’re ever facing writer’s block for your college paper, consider WriteWell Essay Templates to help you get started. Referred to any sources in your work? Cite them in your paper in MLA format, APA format, and other styles with EasyBib citation tools!

7 Tough Questions (and Answers) About the New SAT

Big Changes Are Coming, but Change Is Nothing New The SAT has been around for nearly a century and has remained in a near constant state of alteration from the start. Its rate of evolution has accelerated in the last few decades, however, with major changes in 1994 and 2005 and now a sweeping redesign for the class of 2017 and beyond. The new SAT will be hardly recognizable to those who took the SAT prior to 1994 This redesign generates important questions for students. While the factual details of the overhaul are now known and comprehensively addressed in our new SAT course book, in The Compass Guide to College Admission Testing, and on our website, this resource    linked below in PDF form covers some of the more nuanced issues and consequences of the forthcoming changes. These questions include: Why Is the SAT Changing? How is the SAT Changing? Is the New SAT Easier or Harder? What Will My New Scores Mean? What Are All These New Subscores? Why Cant I Get an 800 on the PSAT? What Will Colleges Require? CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD OUR NEW SAT FAQ

Police Brutality And Corruption Of Public Order - 1718 Words

Police is defined as â€Å"the civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order† . When these powers are abused and unnecessary force is used for corrupt purpose outside of their duty it is considered police brutality. While police brutality may seem only rampant in the United States, it effects Russians equally. The question is why are the police in these two countries so powerful that they can go against their duty and still not be punished? The research done will explain the police brutality and corruption that occurs in the two countries, why it happens, and how it effects the citizens trust of their government In both the United States and Russia the†¦show more content†¦The main function of law-enforcement agencies in Russia is not to protect the public from crime and corruption, but to shield the bureaucracy, including themselves, from the public† . The Russian police have been accused of getting paid to carry out jobs that benefit the image of the government. Both police forces are accused of using unnecessary force to complete corrupt motives. In Russia those who want to protest the government may have a tough time trying to come out without any injuries. An article from the New York time says â€Å"Many Russians seem to feel that they do not have much recourse in the face of police abuse and a result, motorists’ rights groups have sprung up. In October last year, The New York Times profiled a leader of one such group in Yekaterinburg, who was beaten in police custody after protesting corruption† . After protesting that the government was corrupt the leader was beaten and thrown in jail. This is evident that the police are there to protect the image of the government and if someone speaks out against the government they are liable to be victims of police brutality. This is similar to the cases of police brutality that occur in the United States, which have been connected to systematic discrimination. With the many protest that occur in the U.S, countless have been in result of police brutality cases against blacks. Most of the protest end with protesters beingShow MoreRelatedPolice Ethics and Deviance1125 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Ethics and Deviance Ethics and the police is a subject that most people are interested in. When people use the words ethics and police in the same sentence, people usually think of police deviance, police corruption, misconducts such as drug and alcohol abuse, sexual violence, domestic disputes, and violence within families. Most common subjects people most associate with police ethics is police brutality, police deception, and abuse of their authority. Police officers in the UnitedRead MoreUnethical Police Operations1099 Words   |  5 PagesUnethical Police Operations When a Police Officer abuses his authority, it is called police misconduct. Police misconduct is a broad term used to describe police corruption and police brutality which include violations of state and federal laws, the violation of an individual’s constitutional rights, the abuse of police authority for personal gain, excessive force, false arrest and imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and wrongful death. Police misconduct can often lead to the miscarriage of justiceRead MorePolice Misconduct And The Criminal Justice System1039 Words   |  5 PagesPolice unethical operations, imposes high cost on police, the criminal justice system, and society. Criminal activity by a police officer undermines the basic integrity of law enforcement and the grounds which the laws were based on. Regardless if an officer takes a small bribe or is involve in a drug trade, the corruption forever change the relationship between communities and the face of justice. . . Unethical Police Operation When a Police Officer abuses his authority, it is called policeRead MoreBeing A Police Officer Is A Daunting Task1108 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a police officer is a daunting task. The constant struggle between protecting life and property and maintaining order, all while acquiring the public’s trust. The implication of use of force, police brutality, misconduct, or racial profiling all undermine the public’s trust. In order to improve the morale of the officers of these so called allegations, the use of body worn cameras are initiated in hopes of rebuilding the officer’s accountability and credibility. Body worn cameras are usedRead MoreThe Reality Of Police Brutality1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reality of Police Brutality: What it Means for Chicago Ever since the case of Trayvon Martin being shot in 2013, dozens and dozens of cases of injustice have been brought up to the eyes of the media and the law. Lately, the majority of those cases have been about police brutality, and it’s taken such a strong effect on the public that movements have been born out of it, such as the BlackLivesMatter movement. The situation has reached a point to where President Obama stepped out and addressedRead More Police Brutality Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, police abuse has come to the attention of the general public. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who have been given the responsibility to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and recovery of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens’ rights are violated by the po lice. We will also exploreRead MoreThe Ethics Of Unethical Behavior1626 Words   |  7 PagesA man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world, Albert Camus. Police hold a unique position in our society. They are entrusted to protect and serve the people. Their position is also unique in that it easily can lead to corruption and violence when unethical behavior is allowed. In our current culture, unethical police culture to easily seems to become the norm. Minor unethical actions seem to be ever present and larger problems have shown to become rampant in some departments. SolutionsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Police Brutality1471 Words   |  6 Pagescases of police brutality. Officers are faced with many threatening situations everyday forcing them to make split-second decisions expecting the worse, but hoping for the best. Therefore, police brutality severely violates human rights in the United States. Police officers have one of the hardest jobs America has to offer. They have to maintain public order, prevent, and identify crime. Throughout history, the police community has been exposed by violence in some way or another. Police officersRead MoreThe Truth About Police Brutality Against Minorities754 Words   |  4 Pages Police brutality is one of the most serious human rights violations in the United States and it occurs everywhere. The reason why I chose this topic is because police brutality happens all the time in the United States and still remains unrecognized by many. Additionally, the public should be knowledgeable about this topic because of how serious this crime can be and the serious outcomes that police brutality can have on other police officers and the public. The job of police officers is toRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effect On Society1610 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality in the USA Police brutality has adverse effects on society in its entirety and, hence, there is need to stop these acts so as to improve cohesiveness and the observation of the law in society. Police brutality is an old problem that has been around in this country for many years. Unfortunately, civilians have experienced it in their thousands, suffering varying degrees of damages, ranging from injuries or even loss of their lives at the hands of the brutal police. Even more disheartening

Essay on John Lockes Second Treatise on Civil Government

Lockes The Second Treatise of Civil Government: The Significance of Reason nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The significance of reason is discussed both in John Lockes, The Second Treatise of Civil Government, and in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus, Emile. However, the definitions that both authors give to the word â€Å"reason† vary significantly. I will now attempt to compare the different meanings that each man considered to be the accurate definition of reason. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Locke believed that the state â€Å"all men are naturally in ... is a state of perfect freedom† (122), a state in which they live â€Å"without ... depending upon the will of any other man† (122). It is called the â€Å"the state of nature,† and it is something that is†¦show more content†¦Reason is not flexible because it is Gods law and it is set in stone. This reason gives you the social contract, leading to life, liberty, and happiness. To Locke, it is crucial for men to enter into the social contract as soon as possible. Since we are born into the state of nature in which the law of reason governs us, it is easy for us to enter into society when we are young. This is because that very society is based on reason, not upon feelings or intuition. When men leave their state of nature and conform to society and the government, they give up their right to punish others, as they see fit. Instead, the social contract exists to protect people from those who transgress by inflicting due punishment to offenders through the force of the government. Since every person mutually agrees to live amongst the rules of the contract, it protects the good of the majority. The government thus works to benefit the good of the people. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The best kinds of government, Locke believed, are absolute monarchies, because they dont take their citizens out of the state of nature. Societies, in fact, are in a form of the state of nature, themselves, so people dont have to give up their â€Å"rights† to reason by entering into the social contract. Reason still exists where conformity flourishes. It doesnt diminish but is actually enhanced by the merging of natural law (fundamental law) and positive law (the law of the majority of others). John LockeShow MoreRelatedJohn Lockes Second Treatise, of Civil Government: Putting Sovereignty Into the Hands of the People570 Words   |  3 PagesLockes Second Treatise, of Civil Government has the main idea of putting sovereignty into the hands of the people, and this was one of the main ideas behind the constitution. It plays in very well, the framers built the government around the people, by making it a republic. On the national level all people are represented, and as it is divided down to state, county, city, etc. the people gain more power. Albeit, there are many differing theories of the motives of the founding fathers, from GodsRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government. Before explainingRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized that that menRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesMadeline Boche Dr. Thorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believe that men are equal in the state of nature, but their individual opinions about equality lead them to propose fundamentally different methods of proper civil governance. Locke argues that the correct form of civil government should be concerned with the common good of the people, and defend the citizenry’s rights to life, health, liberty, and personal possessions. Hobbes argues that the proper form of civil government must have an overarching ruler governingRead MoreLetter Concerning Toleration Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke was born in 1632. He grew to become one of the most influential philosophers and was seen as the father of the Enlightenment. Locked studied at the Christ Church of Oxford in 1658 (AR). At Oxford he studied medicine which impacted his beliefs a great deal. His most famous works include First Treatise of Government, Second Treatise of Government, and Letter Concerning Toleration (AR). In his treatises he proclaimed that absolute monarchy was not the proper way to govern. These beliefsRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And His Life1281 Words   |  6 Pagesthat formed the Declaration of Independence. Franklin was also elected as the Postmaster General of the small nation that was the United States of America. John Locke was born in 1632 in the small village of Wrington, in southwestern England. Locke’s father had served for the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War. As a teenager, John went to the Westminster School in London, and was very successful there, and that brought many more achievements in his life. After he graduated from WestminsterRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the two basicRead More Pateman On Locke Essays1259 Words   |  6 Pages For years social contract theorists had monopolized the explanation of modern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Lockes argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of the

A Picture Of A Dead Bird - 1006 Words

The viewer will be analyzing a picture from 60 of the most powerful advertisements. The advertisements shows how the trash that we do not pick up off the ground, animals will munch on and later end up dying from all the trash inside their bodies. The advertisements shows a picture of a dead bird lying in the middle of the road. The bird is shown with trash off the roadways that people throw out when they are going down the road. The bird does not just find trash off the road, it is on the beaches, in bodies of water, it is everywhere. The advertisement that the view will see does not show bold, radiant, bright colors, the trash inside the bird has depressing, bitter, gloomy colors of black, whites and other various colors that are mournful. When the viewer thinks of litter, they do not think of color they should think of sad and depressing dark colors as in grey, black and white. The bird, and the trash inside the bird, is the focal point of this advertisement. Things inside the bi rd may include pop lids, plastic and tubes of some sort. The background behind the focal point is the road to show all the scum along the roadways that the bird has swallowed. This advertisement caught my attention for many reasons, although the first thing that caught my attention was the reason of not thinking about the excesses along roadways and how it would affect wild animals. The viewer should be thinking about was the way trash affects the community. Littering is a crime, although notShow MoreRelatedHow the Media Influences the Public Perception of Science Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific issues. Bird flu is a type of flu normally found in birds. Infected birds shed influenza virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and faeces. Susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with contaminated excretions or with surfaces that are contaminated with excretions or secretions. Although bird flu viruses do not usually infect humans, more than 100 confirmed cases of human infection with bird flu viruses have occurred since 1997. Most cases of bird flu infection in humansRead MoreAnalyzing The Picture From 60 Of The Most Powerful Advertisements891 Words   |  4 PagesI will be analyzing the picture from 60 of the most powerful advertisements. The ad shows how the trash that we don’t pick up off the ground animals with eat it and later end up dying from all the trash inside their bodies. The ad shows a picture of a dead bird laying in the middle of the road. The bird is shown with trash off the roadways that people throw out when they are going down the road and the bird does not just find trash off the road it is everywhere. The advertisement that I am usingRead MoreAlfred Hitchcock s Motion Picture Psycho872 Words   |  4 PagesAlfred Hitchcock’s motion picture Psycho, released in 1960, contains peculiar placement of predatory birds and other fowls with corresponding lines regarding birds from Norman Bates, the primary antagonist. Throughout the movie, various references concerning birds are can be drawn through the use of bird’s eye view camera angle, location names, and character names. As the movie begins, the first camera angle used is bird’s eye view. Viewers venture, bird-like, into Marion Crane’s apartment complexRead MorePsycho, By Alfred Hitchcock1557 Words   |  7 Pagesreached. I know we all had hopes for the deceptive to solve the mystery. Well, like Marian he was killed too, or maybe after the long journey together, possibly happy between Marian’s boyfriend and her sister maybe falling for e ach other. Again, another dead end. Whatever expectations we had as an audience those were ignored and twisted by the end of the movie. For the happy ending everyone wanted, well, there There really is only one person smiling at the end of the film and that s Norman Bates. WhichRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde687 Words   |  3 PagesThesis-In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, main character, Dorian Gray , in his times of greatest pain chooses to focus only on what is beautiful which leads to his death and shows that beauty obscures reality. Dorian Grays romantic interest, Sibyl kills herself after an altercation with Dorian; he looks at the nature around him to avoid the reality of the suicide that he has caused. Dorian first sees Sibyl when she acts at a rundown and low quality theater. She acts as many charactersRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell1158 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What a pretty box. Looks like something somebody would give you. Maybe her scissors are in here. (Opens box. Suddenly puts her hand to her nose.) Why—(Mrs. Peters bends nearer, then turns her face away.) There’s something wrapped up in this piece of silk.† â€Å"It’s the bird† †Ã‚  (Glaspell,Read MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell Essay569 Words   |  3 Pagescare of (1618). At the same time, the women see a very different picture when they discovered a birdcage. As Mrs. Peters examines the birdcage she notices that the door is broken and mentions, â€Å"looks as if someone must have been rough with it† (1622). Neither woman knows if Minnie had a bird and Mrs. Hale contemplates the idea of the cat killing it. â€Å" No, she didn’t have a cat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs. Peters replied. They later discover a dead bird wrapped in a piece of silk. Mrs. Peters exclaims, â€Å" Somebody---wrung---its---neck†Read MoreSymbolism, Imagery and Theme in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close2041 Words   |  5 Pageselements. The novel proves these literary elements through symbolism, imagery, and theme. Examples of these literary elements include symbolism shown through the key, which represents the hope that Oskar will reconnect with his dead father; imagery utilized through pictures such as the ones Oskar collected in his folder of Stuff That Happened to Me; theme represented through journey and loss as it is Oskar’s quest to find the lock that fits his fathers key and cope with his fathers death. These literaryRead MoreSummary Of Birds, Shadows, And Dialogues1571 Words   |  7 PagesJi Hyun Park Film 106A Fall 2014 Jessica Fowler November 26th 2014 Birds, Shadows, and Dialogues: Mise-en-scene and Sound in Psycho Alfred Hitchcock, the director of the film Psycho (1960), is known as the master of suspense. He is famous for emphasizing visual elements in his films to construct the atmosphere of tension. In addition, he utilized various editing techniques in order to portray and convey specific purpose of each scene. Using techniques such as continuity editing and varying shotRead MoreSymbolism In Susan Glaspells A Jury Of Her Peers827 Words   |  4 Pagesoppression imposed on women of this period. One significant symbol is that of the bird and the bird-cage. When the two women come across the empty, broken bird-cage, they ponder the reason for the broken door and the fate of the canary who occupied it. Later they discover the dead bird wrapped in silk with its neck broken, presumably by the hands of Mr. Wright. The bird symbolizes Minnie Foster, the young choir girl. The dead bird symbolizes Minnie after marriage, when she loses her spirit, and the cage

Essay Entrepreneurship - 1567 Words

Describe the term Entrepreneurship and the challenges of starting a small business Entrepreneurship is the dream of a lifetime for most individuals. The idea of being in control on ones financial future by establishing, owning, and operating their own business has driven most individuals in the direction of Sole Proprietorships. Most plunge in looking at the advantage and over looking the disadvantage and challenges of Sole Proprietorships. This first challenge that one might face on the road to Entrepreneurship is raising the necessary funds to finance their business. Financial resources are more limited for sole proprietorships because they are view as a high risk. Sole Proprietorships have few legal requirements and doesnt cost†¦show more content†¦Being a part of a franchise you may have easy access to financial assistance to cover start-up cost. With all the advantage that Franchising brings there are a few disadvantages. The franchiser gives up a lot of control over operation and has less control over its franchisees. b) Most Business merge to form a large company, to acquire products and services they may not have or to bridge the gap in the business cycle. In a horizontal merger companies that product the same product merge to form a larger company. This gives each company the opportunity to learn new ideas on operation and production of a product this will help to restructure a company and allows it to reach new cover new areas. Another form of merger is a vertical merger. In a vertical merger a company merger with another company to acquire resources the may not have. This allows a company to focus in a particular area and extend responsibilities to another company concentrated in a particular area. A conglomerate merger gives company the opportunity to extend their business and respond to changes in the business cycle. A conglomerate merger is great for companies who manufacture and distribute product that are seasonal. c) The idea of being in control on ones financial future by establishing, owning, and operating their own business has driven most individuals in the direction of sole proprietorship. Becoming an entrepreneur is a grate way to start up and operation with little risk ofShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship1111 Words   |  5 PagesEntrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur or one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include socialRead MoreEntrepreneurship1326 Words   |  6 Pages‘Critically evaluate the key theoretical developments of the term Entrepreneurship’. Student Name : Jonalee B. Magtoto Student ID : 1009007374 Matriculation No: 20037830 Date: June 13th 2013 Word Count : 2,091 words Introduction: Entrepreneurship as a lot of meaning but for me it divided into two separate fundamental, the first part debate high involveRead MoreEntrepreneurship1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthat has the right of control is hired from the owner. Page 2 of 4 Similarities and differences between a manager, a business owner and an entrepreneur By Henry Amm Modern approaches like ‘corporate entrepreneurship’ try to overcome those boundaries by incorporating advantages of entrepreneurship into common management. Companies try to facilitate diversification with internal development workshops. That makes activities necessary, in areas that are usually only loosely related to the current ‘domain’Read MoreEntrepreneurship4156 Words   |  17 PagesEntrepreneurship Challenges in 21st. Century | | What is Entrepreneurship? The definition of entrepreneurship has been debated among scholars, educators, researchers, and policy makers since the concept was first established in the early 1700’s. The term â€Å"entrepreneurship† comes from the French verb â€Å"entreprendre† and the German word â€Å"unternehmen†, both means to â€Å"undertake†. Bygrave and Hofer in1891 defined the entrepreneurial process as ‘involving all the functions, activities, and actions associatedRead MoreEntrepreneurship4409 Words   |  18 Pages1 LESSON- 1 ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Dr. Jyotsna Sethi STRUCTURE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Entrepreneurship as a Career Option 1.3 Concepts and Definitions 1.3.1 Entrepreneur 1.3.2 Entrepreneurship 1.3.3 Enterprise 1.3.4 Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship 1.4 Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development 1.4.1 Entrepreneurship and Economic Development 1.4.2Entrepreneurship and Education 1.5 FunctionsRead MoreEntrepreneurship1106 Words   |  5 Pagesenterprise without undermining his/her relationship. In this last case a good entrepreneur should be free from personal commitment, at first, at least, because his/her work, or his/her relationship, could be compromised. Q2: Inc. Magazine claims, â€Å"Entrepreneurship is more mundane than it’s sometimes portrayed †¦ you don’t need to be a person of mythical proportions to be very, very successful in building a company.† Do you agree? Explain. 2. I don’t agree with the sentence above; I think that a temporaryRead MoreEntrepreneurship Should Be Aware At The World Of Entrepreneurship Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesPROVIDED MANY OPPORTUNITIES ANYONE PLANNING TO ENTER THE WORLD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SHOULD BE AWARE OF ITS POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS Introduction:- Entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of beginning a new trade or reviving an existing business, for capitalizing on fresh opportunities. The statement were analyzing today is all about entrepreneurship. The author here is trying to explain that like every coin has two sides, entrepreneurship also has benefits and drawbacks. Every year the number of peopleRead Moreentrepreneurship2937 Words   |  12 PagesSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET Student Name Navpreet Kaur Student ID S265457 Assessment Title Case Study 1 Unit Number and Title PRT503 Entrepreneurship for Professionals Lecturer/Tutor Mr. Jamal El-Den Date Submitted 07 August 2014 Date Received OFFICE USE ONLY KEEP A COPY Please be sure to make a copy of your work. If you have submitted assessment work electronically make sure you have a backup copy. PLAGIARISM PlagiarismRead MoreThe Concept Of An Entrepreneurship1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of an entrepreneurship is a commonly argued point, with several definitions given by many different people. The Business in Action textbook defines entrepreneurship as the combination of innovation, initiative and willingness take risks required to create and operate new businesses and an entrepreneur as a person with positive, forward-thinking desire to create profitable, sustainable business enterprise. According to this definition, a small business owner could definitely be classedRead MoreSocial Entrepreneurship1926 Words   |  8 PagesRose Spiegel Rationale 5.7.13 Everyone describes social entrepreneurship differently. While many have been able to describe the traits and features of a social entrepreneur there doesn’t seem at all to be a consensus about the definition of what constitutes the field of social entrepreneurship. Susan Davis and David Bornstein in their book, Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know define social entrepreneurship as â€Å"a process by which citizens build or transform institutions to advance

Eu Enlargement Free Essays

EU Enlargement Background The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by six countries in 1958. In 1967 they merged into European Community. We will write a custom essay sample on Eu Enlargement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Maastricht Treaty established the EU under its current name in 1993. The EU has grown its size by the accession of new member states. For example, on May 1st 2004, 10 new members joined the EU and EU-15 became EU-25. In 2007 it became EU-27 when Romania and Bulgaria joined. It seems that the enlargement will continue and many people begin to consider whether the EU should admit more members. Countries should obey the accession rules if they want to join the EU. According to the ‘Copenhagen Criteria’, a member state must be a stable democracy, respect human rights and have the rules of law and the protection of minority. In terms of the economic aspect, it should have a functioning market economy. In addition, the country needs to adopt the common rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law. Body Commission: regarded enlargement as the â€Å"Union’s most successful foreign policy instrument. Following? the? enlargements? of? 2004? and? 2007,? the? EU? is? now? the? largest? integrated? economic? area? in? the? world,? accounting? for? more? than? 30%? of? world? GDP? and? more? than? 17%? of? world? trade. New members can benefit more from enlargement than existing member states (Neuder, 2003) * Benefit of new membe rs * Strong economic growth: * Benefit from the EU budget and access? to? EU? funds? * The 10 new members can expect to receive up to 4% per annum of their GDP from the EU’s structural and cohesion funds for projects aimed at improving their economic tructures. * e. g.? net? inflow? of? structural? funds? to? help? finance? infrastructure? projects and? environmental? projects. * Increase in GDP from 3. 7% to 5% on average in the first two years since accession. * In the long time, the acceding states could enjoy a rate of growth some 2% higher than that of the existing states (Neueder, 2003). * East slowly catch up with the west. * Increase in trade * Most? of? the? new? EU? countries? were? already? closely? linked? in? trade? and? investment? terms? with? their? western? European? neighbors.? Joining? the? single? market? as? deepened? this in? 2007,? almost? 80%? of? exports? of? the? new? EU? states? went to? the? rest? of? the? EU. * Increase in Foreign Direct Investmen t * For the new member states, FDI is a key factor in the process of economic modernization. New members can receive funds from foreign countries and use the money to boost economy. * Enlargementlarger market and openness to trade. * Baldwin, Francois and Portes (1997) argue that joining the EU will make the region substantially less risky from the point of view of domestic and foreign investors. * 191 billion euro by 2004 However, they seem to over rely on FDI. FDI accounts for too large part (e. g. Hungary: 70%). Once there is something wrong with some investors and do not invest them, for instance the financial crisis, they will suffer tremendously. * The? 2009? crisis? may? persuade? Central and East European? Countries? to? reduce? their? dependence? on? foreign? direct? investments and? build? an? economic? growth? model? on? different? grounds. * Welfare * Farmers began to receive agricultural subsidies * Structural funds directed towards poorer regions (investment in infrast ructure) * Benefit of existing members Enlargementmore people more consumersobtain more than 450 million consumers from Single European Marketcompanies could expand their businesses and benefit from experience and location economies scale * Larger labor market fill labor shortage in existing states with low-cost and highly-skilled workforce, for example, UK and Ireland However, these skilled workers may replace the indigenous employeesincrease the unemployment * High growthincrease the purchasing powerstimulate the import demand of acceding states and export of member states * Imports and exports between new and existing members have increased considerablethe EU15 share of total EU12 trade increased from 56% in 1993 to 62% in 2005 * Because of theseGDP increase * Costs of enlargement * Drawback for new member state * Difficulties in complying with EU law restrict development of business especially Small and Medium-size Entrepreneurs * Push many producers out of business due to their incompliance with EU environment policies * Tax harmonization e. g. Estonia: was forced to introduce new tariff against imports from outside of the EU, adopt a number of non-tariff barrierssuch protectionisms increase the food price and lowered Estonians’ standard of living * High unemployment still exists in many new member states (8% EU-15; 14% EU-10, 2005) * Some high skilled workers or people with higher degree will move from east to the west, this brain drain damages the host countries. * Drawback for EU-15 * Volume of enlargement costs will amount to about 15% of the EU budget (Germany: 2. 3bn from its federal budget) * Migration: Concern about too much migration from east to west social problems and pressure on social/medical/educational services. (e. g. ome countries even carried out policies to limit the volume of migration) * Actually: the percentage of EU-12 nationals and the resident population of each EU-15 Member state were relatively stable before and after enlargement. * Too many countries will decrease the efficiency of EU. * Conclusion Enlargement of EU has been the most successful policy. Although it has some negative effects on both existing and new member states, its positive influences far outweigh its negative aspects. Process EFTA (European Free Trade Association) afraid that the Single Market Program would increase competitioncreate EEA (European Economic Area)1995, Austria, Sweden, Finland opted for European Accession, joined (growth+, unemployment-, inflation- Finland(1991-2000, 2006,%): growth 2. 0-5. 0; unemployment 12. 5-7. 7; inflation 2. 1-1. 3 †¦ How to cite Eu Enlargement, Essay examples

My Five Selves Essay Example For Students

My Five Selves Essay My five selves are physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and spiritual. My physical self is quite healthy because I fulfill the requirements of the FITT principle. The letters of FITT represent frequency, intensity, time and type. My intellectual self is interesting because I am mainly right-brained which means that I tend to use my creativity more than my mathematical skills. I am also a visual learned which is connected to me being right-brained. My social self consist of friends, family, and my surroundings. I spend most of my time at home with my family. Whenever I am with my friends, I observe their behaviours and listen to their opinions. I am more of an independent type of person. Being with different people has influenced me into appreciating different cultures and beliefs. I have learned things that have now been incorporated into my own set of beliefs and values. I greatly value freedom of thought, friends and family. My emotional self deals with feelings and my abilit y to handle the demands of life. The spiritual self is all about my beliefs, values, religion and my life philosophies. By satisfying the needs of all five selves, the result can be holistic wellness which is the ability to feel good about myself and others.Physical fitness is having ample energy and the ability to perform daily activities without being exhausted. My energy usually depends on the amount of sleep and food I get. If I have too much or too little sleep, I dont look forward to the day and am not enthusiastic about doing things. If I do not have a complete breakfast, it affects my energy level. When I have a good breakfast, and enough sleep, I can go through a whole day with enough energy and alertness to do many things. I have relatively good flexibility because I stretch a lot which increases the range of movement around my joints. I have muscular endurance which means that I am able to do repetitions over a length of time. Althought I have muscular endurance, I do not have muscular strength. I do not find that I am able to lift extremely heavy objects. I have adequate agility because I can move with speed and can change direction fairly quickly. My ability to balance myself changes very often. Sometimes I can balance in awkward positions, and other times I cannot. I have good speed maybe because I am an ectomorphor or maybe because I have a good cardiorespiratory system. My normal heart rate is 70 bpm, and my target heart rate is 155-185 bpm.Intellectual self deals with memory, learning, problem solving, decision making and creativity. I am a visual learner which means that I learn best by seeing the information. I am also right brained which indicates that I use my creativity more than my mathematical skills. Whenever I have a problem to solve, I usually draw a picture of the problem and draw a few possible solutions. This helps me to see and organize the problem more clearly. I make my decisions in a similar way. I list my possible choices, th en write down the good points, bad points, and consequences to each choice. For the past 5 years, Ive been keeping summer journals to remind me of my summer memories. To illustrate my entries, I use my creativity. Since a young age, Ive always liked drawing. In general, my short term memory is better than my long term memory. I find that I can only recall long term memories if they are important to me, or if they are dramatic experiences. A few examples of my childhood memories are my grandma reading to me, falling off a bridge in kindergarten, slipping in a swim change room in grade one, following my dad to work when my mom was pregnant, and flying a kite I made in grade one at Ravina Park. The people who affect my social life the most are probably my family. I have a rather large family including my aunts, uncles, and cousins. They are whom I spend most of my spare time with. My family usually gathers every weekend for dinner. I am very open to different religions, cultures, and p ractices because I know many people with different backgrounds and beliefs. Since Ive been influenced by various people, Ive learned at a very young age to never judge people by how they look, dress, feel, or act. I am very fortunate to have learned that lesson at a young age because many people still do not understand the importance of accepting differences. In groups, I prefer to listen to what others have to say rather than contributing to the discussion. I like listening to the opinions of others, then comparing to them to my own opinions. I do not mind group work, but I think I do better at individual work because all the thoughts are my own and I contribute to one hundred percent of the work. My social self is most greatly influenced by my family and myself.In my life right now, my emotions are very unorganized. To me, my basic needs are clothing, food, shelter, and love. My emotional self also needs a sense of direction. Right now, my life seems to be motionless, and not goin g anywhere. I am not fully satisfied with myself at this point, but I do not completely hate it. My basic needs are present, but not as fulfilled as I would like them to be. The demands of life are getting harder, and I have not yet found the will to meet those demands to the best of my ability. I consider myself to be very emotional or sensitive to serious issues. I am usually stressed when I have more than one test on the same day. Exam time usually gets me stressed. During that time, I dont get enough sleep, and that causes me to become grumpy and miserable. During the times when my brother and sister were being born, I spent a lot of time by myself or following my dad to his night-shift work. After my brother and sister were born, I didnt receive much attention, so I learned to become independent and find things for myself to do. Many of my emotions are influences by my surroundings and the things Ive learned.I believe that my spiritual self is the most important out of the five selves. I do not have a certain religion that I belong to and practice, but I believe in a bit of everything. I believe that after death, the soul goes somewhere and waits for a new life or purpose. Life follows a predetermined course and the purpose of life is to live, love, learn, and die. All of lifes obstacles, and experiences occur for a reason, which is for you to learn from them. Basically, everyone is destined to live life a certain way and everything that happens is supposed to happen for your own good even if they dont seem positive or meaningful at the time. I believe that all people are equal and should treated equally no matter their height, weight, colour, race, religion, or anything else. Everyone is entitled to their own opinions and nobody has the right to judge another by their differences. I live by many life philosophies, but one of my favorites is If you want a rainbow, you must put up with the rain. Other philosophies I believe are Dream as youll live forever. Live as youll die today, Whether you think you can or you think you cant, youre always right, We are all angels with one wing, who can only fly when holding onto each other, and Its nice to be important, but its more important to be nice.To achieve holistic wellness, I must fulfill the basic needs of each of the five selves. I think that I would need to improve my emotional self and self esteem the most to find holistic wellness. I find that my emotional self needs the most help because I tend to avoid and run away from conflicts rather than solving the problem. A method I could use to improve that area would be to express myself more and continuing to write journals. Talking to my parents might also help. I believe that my spiritual self is my strongest self. One reason for this is because there can always be expectations of the intellectual self, emotional self, social self, and physical self, but there are no limits or expectations for the spiritual self. The spiritual self is m ostly a feeling that doesnt need to be learned. To continue to improve each of my selves, I will try to get more sleep to clear my head so I can organize my wants, needs, and priorities. If my thoughts are less hectic, I can think better and therefore improve my selves. In conclusion, my physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual self are being used each and every day of my life, and therefore I need to take care of myself. .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .postImageUrl , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:hover , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:visited , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:active { border:0!important; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:active , .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a7ce946202f633160ec567092de6eaa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paper On The Book, Fences Essay

Business Case Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction There have been different sorts of frauds in the trading over the past couple of years but the most common of them is the Insider Trading. Most of the people even do not know what insider trading is but they are a victim of doing that crime. Yes, it is a crime in terms of trading because it is just like giving away your schools chair and table to some other school without their consent. Similarly, insider trading means when an individual even if he is a director of a company shares some confidential information about the company or other employees with others without the consent of the company. This is something which is considered as a crime in trading. In both the cases, insider trading led to financial gains and profits being earned the illegal way. In Kamay vs The Queen, Lukas Kamay and his co-offender Christopher Hill were sentenced to 7 years and 3 months and 3 years 3 months respectively. While in the case of Oliver Curtis, he was sentenced to a maximum of 5 years in prison and a fine of $220,000. Both cases showcased the strict measures taken by the judges and their approach shows that they wanted these cases to be a lesson for all those who are committing or even think about committing any crime including insider trading. In the case of Kamay vs the queen, the judge stated that both of the offenders indulged in the crime solely for financial gain, and had not succumbed to any gambling addiction or financial pressure and in addition, both men had felt remorse for their wrongdoings and had plead guilty. The judge also commented that the young offenders had a genuine prospect for rehabilitation. The sentence was also indicated as a warning towards the young people also engaged in the corporate world to refrain from participating in shameful and illegal acts such as these. Oliver Curtis on the other hand had committed this act solely on the basis of greed and to continue his lavish lifestyle. The judge gave a strict decision and did not change it as the guilty party wanted to lessen their imprisonment period due to having kids and the effect this would have on them. The applicant of the case sought appeal on 5 different grounds: The judge erred by failing to properly differentiate between the applicants four different counts of insider trading. The learned judge failed properly to take into notice the profit achieved by the applicant on each separate count of insider trading by placing chief emphasis on this very profit as a way of constituting the foremost criteria for distinguishing in the sentence on these charges (Sloan Gavin, 2010) The judge erred in sentence by unreasonably discriminating between the applicant and his co-offender The judge was inaccurate in imposing individual sentences, a total effective sentence and a non-parole time period that were hugely excessive in the state of affairs The judge also misjudged by ordering cubulation on the sentence afflicted in respect of the charge II. (Laby, 2010) Leave was granted for the appeal, but the appeal was not successful and it was dismissed. There were a myriad of reasons why the appeal was dismissed; one of them was the number of trades and the length of the trading period. This plea was rejected as the Judge states that the trading period and the number of trades were not in this case prime objective indicia of the gravity of the offence. Profit can be a deficient indicator where gains or profit is totally out of the offenders control but in this case gains were all nearly certain and hence profit if not a prime indicium, will be an important factor of the objective seriousness of the offence. (Santolino, 2010) Another point of appeal was the excessive weight granted to the profit. This claim or point was also dismissed on the account of the applicant upon a collection of mitigating or lessening factors which the applicant submitted, and they show the sentences were evidently excessive including his pleading guilty at the first opportunity, his youthful immaturity and many others, and even with these factors the applicant himself submitted that if it were not for the amount of profit, he would not have been presented in the court. Parity is defined as two things being equal to another. The term par value, for example, is similar to parity as it can also be referred as two securities having similar value. Parity in legal terms denotes the state when a person is placed at an identical footing as another person. (Harvey Woodruff, 2013) It is a state or condition of being equal, or on the same level or rank. Many of the parity problems arise when co-offenders are charged at different times by different judges. It is highly desirable that co-offenders be charged by the same judge at the same time to avoid any parity problems in the future as the second judge would be bound by the findings of the first judge. Parity is a matter that is to be determined in regard to the circumstances of the co-offenders and their respective level of culpability. (Schmidt-Rauch Nussbaumer, 2011) The degree of culpability was different in the case of Kamay vs The queen where the original agreement agreed by Hill was that the trading would only go on for 12 months with the target of obtaining a profit of $200,000, allowing them to make a profit of $50,000 each. Kamay, succumbing to his greed and lust went beyond the scope of their agreement and achieved a profit of $8 million. Hill had no idea of the extension of Kamays wrongdoings and that he had gone so from the agreed amount. The judge in this case had considered the amount and involvement of the profits and hence Kamay had been penalized more than his co-offender. Although both of them were on the same floor or criminality, Hill pleaded guilty to insider trading and misuse of public office while Kamay plead guilty to counts of money laundering, insider trading and identity theft. On the basis of their charges and the levels of involvement and culpability, the co-offenders suffered different punishments and penalties. The Australia Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is Australias financial services, markets and corporate regulator which contributes to Australias wellbeing and economic reputation ensuring that the transactions within the market are just, transparent and fair so that they are supported by consumers and investors. (Meiners et al. 2014) The Commissions roles include dealing with the registration of companies and managing the investment schemes, monitoring the compliance of the companies with Australian regulations and the Compliance Act 2001, starting prosecutions against directors and companies for misconduct and not following regulations and seeking out and issuing infringement notices and civil penalties. The ASICs role is of mammoth importance in cases like these yet their inability to do anything about it is a huge question over the financial misdoings of the country and its regulatory authorities. (Ura, 2014) ASIC has been busy and more involved in spending more on enforcement actions abroad rather than its own country compared to overseas financial regulators. ASIC also struggles to perform all of its functions as its resources are utilized in going after lengthy, high profile criminal cases which are not contributing to achieve its strategic purposes. Looking at the case of Oliver Curtis, his offending took place somewhere between 2007 and 2008. After Curtiss accomplice turning him in in 2009, it took almost 6 years to secure his conviction. The inability of ASIC to perform its actions doesnt mean that it lacks funds and needs more money, but instead of chasing headline producing cases it should run after educating the people and preventing the financial crimes that are taking pl ace under its nose. (Burch, 2011) The AISC ought to stop looking for cases which involve the rich and famous or utilize its resources overseas, rather it should commit more of its capital and labor in catching the young corporate workers who are increasingly engaging in criminal acts and should also have education programs highlighting the consequences of these infringements. Insider trading is defined as a malpractice where people have access to private, non-public price sensitive information with which they make crucial investment decisions which will positively affect them and might have adverse effects on others. Insider trading, contrary to popular belief is not always illegal; legal insider can also occur. Legal Insider trading occurs when an insider is allowed legally to buy and sell shares of a firm that employs him or her, but these transactions must be registered in their entirety with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and are to be done with advance fillings. (Carroll Shabana, 2010) The other method is the infamous illegal way of insider trading which is the usage of price sensitive, non-public information for ones own profit and benefit. Insider trading as been deemed as a criminal offence since 1985 but convicted someone of insider trading can be complex due to some of the defenses that are brought forward such as: The person believed that the information had been widely disclosed, enough to avoid any prejudice amongst other parties to share the transaction The person who had sold or bought the shares would have done the same, with or without the inside information The person did not expect the dealing to result in any kind of gain or profit courtesy of the price sensitive information Having said all that, Insider trading should be a criminal offence. Having access to an advantageous situation, such as access to price sensitive information which is not available in the market and dealing in shares or securities or any anything else with the help of this information can bring gains and profits to one party, loss and misery to the other who might have done nothing wrong in their transaction. Simply saying, insider trading is a part of breaking the law and all those who break the law are to be punished one way or another, but care should be taken in accusing someone wrongly of insider trading as some individual might come across some insider information not knowing of its origins or the consequences associated with it. (Mann Roberts, 2012) In addition to acting justly against wrong doers, attention should be paid to prevention and the young ones working in the corporate world should be educated and kept an eye on strictly. Conclusion After considering both the cases above, it has been quite clear that why insider trading is considered as a crime and what are the reasons behind this offence. Some people think that it should not be considered as a crime but we have seen how it actually affects the integrity of the company. Therefore, insider trading must be considered as a crime in order to keep the confidential information associated with the company. References Burch, E. C. (2011). Litigating Together: Social, Moral, and Legal Obligations.BUL Rev., 91, 87. Carroll, A. B., Shabana, K. M. (2010). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), 85-105. Harvey, A., Woodruff, M. J. (2013). Confirmation bias in the United States Supreme Court Judicial database. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 29(2), 414-460. Laby, A. B. (2010). Reforming the regulation of broker-dealers and investment advisers. The Business Lawyer, 395-440. Mann, R. A., Roberts, B. S. (2012). Essentials of business law and the legal environment. Cengage Learning. Meiners, R. E., Ringleb, A. H., Edwards, F. L. (2014). The legal environment of business. Cengage Learning. Santolino, M. (2010). Determinants of the decision to appeal against motor bodily injury judgements made by Spanish trial courts. International Review of Law and Economics, 30(1), 37-45. Schmidt-Rauch, S., Nussbaumer, P. (2011). Putting value co-creation into practice: a case for advisory support. In ECIS. Sloan, K., Gavin, J. H. (2010). Human resource management: Meeting the ethical obligations of the function. Business and Society Review, 115(1), 57-74. Ura, J. D. (2014). Backlash and legitimation: Macro political responses to Supreme Court Decisions. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 110-126.

Characters in Animal Farm Essay Example

Characters in Animal Farm Essay Example Characters in Animal Farm Paper Characters in Animal Farm Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm Beauty and the Beast and Other Tales Communist Manifesto The Beast in the Jungle Animal Farm Characters Old Major is the inspiration which fuels the Revolution and the book. According to one interpretation, he could be based upon both Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. As a socialist, George Orwell may have agreed with much of Marx, and even respected aspects of Lenin. According to this interpretation, the satire in Animal Farm is not of Marxism, or of Lenins revolution, but of the corruption that occurred later. However, according to Christopher Hitchens: in the book, the aims and principles of the Russian Revolution are given face-value credit throughout; this is a revolution betrayed, not a revolution that is monstrous from its inception. Though Old Major is presented positively, Orwell does slip in some flaws, such as his admission that he has largely been free of the abuse the rest of the animals have had to suffer. Old Major introduces the animals to the song Beasts of England. Old Major (also called Willingdon Beauty, his show name) is the first major character described by George Orwell in Animal Farm. This purebred of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change; an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx, though some elements of Old Major are directly from Vladimir Lenin. Old Major proposes a solution to the animals desperate plight under the Jones administration (representing the tsar and autocracy) when he inspires a rebellion of sorts among the animals. The actual time of the revolt is unsaid. It could be the next day or several generations down the road. Old Majors Barn-Yard Speech at the very onset of the story could be a reference to the Communist Manifesto. Shortly after his death, the animals rise up in revolt and oust the men from power. Early on everything goes well and Old Majors dream seems to be coming true. The pig Snowball largely takes on the intellectual and political leadership of the farm and seems to share Old Majors principle of genuine concern for the animals of the farm. While Snowball is respected by most of the animals, the rest of the pigs, led by Napoleon, begin to move to oust Snowball. This occurs after the debate over the windmills when Napoleon unleashes his trained dogs to chase Snowball from the farm. The Seven Commandments that Snowball had transcribed, that were supposed to encompass Old Majors general philosophy, are gradually altered and deformed under Napoleon until they come to entirely opposite meanings than were originally intended. Also Beasts of England the song that came to Old Major in his dream was later banned on Animal Farm. In both film adaptations, Major dies while provoking the animals into rebelling. In the 1954 adaption, he dies suddenly while the animals are singing. The 1999 version is even more unfaithful- Jones slips in mud while investigating the sounds coming from the barn, fires his shotgun, and indirectly hits Major, killing him. Old Major in the allegory With Animal Farm being parallel to the formation of the Soviet Union, Old Major was based on both Lenin and Marx. The animals hold him in high esteem, and dig up his skull and walk past it and salute it every day, until the end of the novel when Napoleon announces that he had buried the skull, much as Lenins body was preserved and is kept on display in Moscow. Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto, died before the first communist revolution, whereas Old Major, founder of Animalism, dies before the Animal Farm revolution. His body was saluted by the soldiers everyday, even after the rebellion. NAPOLEON Napoleon, a Berkshire boar, is the main tyrant and villain of Animal Farm and is based upon Joseph Stalin. Napoleon begins to gradually build up his power, using puppies he took from mother dogs Jessie and Bluebell, which he raises to be vicious dogs as his secret police. After driving Snowball off the farm, Napoleon usurps full power, using false propaganda from Squealer and threats and intimidation from the dogs to keep the other animals in line. Among other things, he gradually changes the Commandments to allow himself privileges and justify his dictatorial rule such as eating at a table. By the end of the book, Napoleon and his fellow pigs have learned to walk upright and started to behave similarly to the humans they originally revolted against. (In the French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called Cesar, the French spelling of Caesar. Napoleon is a fictional character in George Orwells Animal Farm. While he is at first a common farm pig, he takes advantage of the animals uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical President of Animal Farm, which he turns into a dictatorship. Napoleon in the Allegory Napoleon was based mostly on Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for nearly 30 years. However, his name comes from that of the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who Orwell, like many Britons of his time, considered to be a repressive powerseeker and dictator. In the French version of the book, he was renamed Cesar (Caesar). [1] From the start, he is made out to be a villain. Napoleon fights along with fellow pig Snowball to free the farm from human control, only to turn on his former comrade and seize control of the farm; this mirrors the relationship between Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Trotsky supported Permanent Revolution (just as Snowball advocated overthrowing other farm owners), while Stalin supported Socialism in One Country (similar to Napoleons idea of teaching the animals to use firearms). Later on, after ostracizing Snowball as Stalin placed Trotsky in exile, Napoleon ordered the construction of a windmill, which had been designed by Snowball and which he had opposed vigorously. When the primitive windmill collapses due to Napoleons poor planning, a reference to Stalins backward approach to the Five-Year Plans, he blames Snowball and starts a wave of terror. During this period he orders the execution of several of the animals after coercing their confessions of wrongdoing. He also changes the Seven Commandments prohibition against killing. He then commands the building of a second, stronger windmill while severely cutting rations to all of the animals - except the pigs and dogs. He later makes a deal with Frederick (similar to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact shortly before World War II); Frederick tricks Napoleon by paying him with counterfeit money and then invading the farm, much as Germany broke its pact with the Soviet Union and invaded, in order to seize its minerals and fuel. During the Battle of the Windmill, the windmill is destroyed, but the animals win, although they pay a high price. Napoleon attempts to cover the losses by stating it was a grand victory for the animals. While Napoleon exhorts the other animals to fight and die for the good of the farm, he himself is a coward, in contrast to Snowball. Nonetheless, Napoleons historical revisionism rewrites himself as a hero, claiming responsibility for the animals victory during the Battle of the Cowshed when in reality it was Snowball who had performed heroic acts in this battle. Ultimately, Napoleon becomes a tyrannical, oppressive dictator and seems to become human through his adoption of human ways. At the end of the novel he has decided to abolish the use of comrade. In the end of the 1954 film, Napoleon wears dictator-like clothing and pictures of him, similar in nature to that of Chairman Maos famous picture, are put up. On top of this, it seems that he is ultimately killed by a horde of animals who destroy his homestead. SNOWBALL Snowball is Napoleons rival. He is an allusion to Leon Trotsky. He wins over most animals, but is driven out of the farm in the end by Napoleon. Snowball genuinely works for the good of the farm and devises plans to help the animals achieve their vision of an egalitarian utopia but is chased from the farm by Napoleon and his dogs, and rumours are spread about him (by Napoleon) to make him seem evil and corrupt and that he is secretly sabotaging the animals efforts to improve the farm. In his biography of Orwell, Bernard Crick suggests that Snowball was as much inspired by POUM leader Andres Nin as by Trotsky. Nin was a similarly adept orator and also fell victim to the Communist purges of the Left during the Spanish Civil War. Fictional biography Together with the pig Napoleon, Snowball leads the animals revolt against the human farmer, but is driven away from the farm (a comparison to the Russian government) by his former comrade Napoleon in the later part of the story. Unlike Napoleon, he has the best interests of the animals in mind. He is most attuned to the thinking of Old Major (whose role resembles that of Vladimir Lenin or perhaps Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). He devotes himself to bettering the animals in intellectual, moral and physical ways. His role on the farm bears a significant and intended resemblance to the role of Leon Trotsky in the early Soviet Union. In his short-lived time as a leader, Snowball actively works to change Animal Farm, and although not all of his ideas work very efficiently, he is shown to have genuinely good intentions. Like Trotsky, Snowball is exiled after Napoleon seizes power by force, modeled after Joseph Stalin. After Snowball is exiled, he is used by Napoleon as a political scapegoat and is blamed for various problems on the farm. For example, he is blamed for allegedly mixing weed seeds into the wheat seeds under the cover of night to explain the growth of weeds in the farms crops. He is also blamed for the destruction of the windmill the animals had created. Other animals make false confessions (an idea Orwell expands in 1984) saying they helped him in his nightly visits, or he came to them in a dream telling them to do bad deeds and they are executed brutally in public. The killing is likely a parallel to the Great Purge started by Stalin in 1936 when he tried and executed many of his political adversaries using forced false confessions. ) There is never a sure confirmation that Snowball is alive or dead as he was never seen again after his exile. Snowballs ideas Snowball believes in a continued revolution: he argues that in order to defend Animal Farm, the animals should stir up rebellions in other farms throughout England. He continues striving for the betterment of the Animal Farm. He tries to accomplish this through many failed committees, like the Cleaner Tails League for the cows. Napoleon is shown to have been Snowballs enemy from the very start of the revolution, disagreeing with almost all of Snowballs ideas. For example, when Snowball proposes inspiring more revolutions on other farms in order to protect Animal Farm (similar to Trotskys idea of Permanent Revolution), Napoleon proposes learning to use firearms and other more advanced weapons. When Snowball actively organizes the animals into groups of committees, Napoleon simply states that the education of the young is all that was needed. Snowball also writes the first version of the Seven Commandments. These are later altered by Squealer under the orders of Napoleon to accommodate the treacherous actions of the pigs. For example, the commandment stating No animal shall drink alcohol is changed to No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. SQUEALER Squealer, a small fat porker, serves as Napoleons right hand man and minister of propaganda. Inspired by Vyacheslav Molotov and the Soviet paper Pravda, Squealer manipulates the language to excuse, justify, and extol all of Napoleons actions. He represents all the propaganda Stalin used to justify his own heinous acts. In all of his work, George Orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language. Squealer limits debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients, making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in order to function properly, for example. However, when questions persist, he usually uses the threat of Mr. Joness return as justification for the pigs privileges. Squealer uses statistics to convince the animals that life is getting better and better. Most of the animals have only dim memories of life before the revolution; therefore, they are convinced. Allegory In the allegorical form chosen by Orwell for Animal Farm, the pigs are easily identified with the Soviet leaders of the time. Napoleon and Snowball clearly represent Stalin and Trotsky, respectively. However, for those unfamiliar with the Soviet hierarchy in the 1930s and 1940s, Squealers human counterpart may be obscure. However, there is merit in the interpretation of Squealer being a representation of propaganda overall. Squealer certainly was the key spokesman for the pigs. His command of persuasive language and self-serving re-interpretations of facts illustrates the power of propaganda to control the under- and un-educated masses. Some authors have gone so far as to suggest that Squealer specifically represented the state-run newspaper Pravda. The downfall of this interpretation is that it fails to associate Squealer with a specific figure in Stalins inner circle. In contrast, Molotov is a near-perfect fit with Orwells description of and central role given to Squealer. Squealer is a close companion and protege of Napoleon; Molotov was a close companion and protege of Stalin. Squealer serves mainly as Napoleons propaganda minister; Molotov was Stalins Prime Minister (1930-1939) and Foreign Minister (1939-1949) and constant spokesman. When the animals suspect that the pigs are breaking the laws, Squealer justifies their actions. For instance, when the other animals want to have the milk and apples, Squealer says that milk and apples help the pigs think; so, eating the apples and drinking milk would prevent Mr. Jones from returning. Similarly, Molotov was a constant apologist for Stalin, rationalizing Comrade Stalins tyranny as being in the best interests of the people. Squealers arguments Throughout the book, Squealer justifies his arguments using his great powers of persuasion, his eloquent words and his charismatic intellect. His foundation for many of his arguments is that the animals do not want Mr. Jones back in power in the farm, and therefore must support Napoleon. He devises various other reasons to convince the other animals of the farm to believe him, backing them up with claims of scientific evidence (for example, apples and milk), recently discovered documentary evidence (proving the complicity of Snowball in working with the enemy) and using difficult reasoning, which confused the other animals. Squealer takes the central role in making announcements to the animals, as Napoleon appears less and less often as the book progresses. Breaking of the Seven Commandments Throughout the book, Napoleon and Squealer break the Seven Commandments, the tenets on which governance of the farm is based. To prevent the animals from suspecting them, Squealer preys on the animals stupidity and alters the Commandments from time to time as the need arises. This is proven on page 73 of the British version when Squealer falls off the ladder while trying to change the commandments in the night. Orwell uses Squealer to mainly show how some governments and politicians use propaganda to get their ideas accepted and implemented by the people. In the end, Squealer reduces the Seven Commandments into one commandment, that All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. MR. JONES Mr. Jones represents Nicholas II of Russia, the deposed Czar, who had been facing severe financial difficulties in the days leading up to the 1917 Revolution. The character is also a nod toward Louis XVI. There are also several implications that he represents an autocratic but ineffective capitalist, incapable of running the farm and looking after the animals properly. Jones is a very heavy drinker and the animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them. Ironically, Napoleon himself becomes almost obsessed with drinking and eventually changes the commandments to suit his needs. Toward the end of the book, the pigs become the mirror image of Jones, though they thirst for more power than ever before. Mr. Jones was once a capable farmer, but after the aftermath of a very damaging lawsuit, deteriorated into drinking and became known for his harsh rule over the animals. Instigated by Old Major, the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and removed him from power, supposedly ending the days of extreme hunger and labor. Mr. Jones attempted to reinstate himself in the farm by attacking the animals; a skirmish the animals later called the Battle of the Cowshed. He was defeated by Snowballs tactics. The casualties of the battle were only a single sheep lost by the animals, but many of the men whom Jones brought (which were from Foxwood and Pinchfield farms) were injured, including Jones himself. Jones never made an attempt to capture Animal Farm again and went off to live someplace else. He later died in an inebriates home in another part of the country. In the same way that the books other characters are representative of historical figures, Jones is an allegory for Tsar Nicholas II. MR. FREDERICK Mr. Frederick is the tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm. He represents Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in general. Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield Farm was a human character in the satirical novella Animal Farm by George Orwell. Mr. Frederick was one of Animal Farms neighbours, and kept a small but organized farm. He was constantly in bad terms with the other farm on the opposite side of Animal Farm owned by Mr. Pilkington. [edit] Frederick in the allegory Mr. Frederick played the role of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany in Orwells book. After Germany broke its treaty with Russia, Hitler promptly invaded Russia, jealous of the resources, and nearly succeeded. The Russians eventually defeated the Germans. During this invasion, many of the Russians started starving and many were being killed by Germanys better equipped army. The Allies failed to offer much help to the Russians (such as Pilkingtons message: SERVES YOU RIGHT). However, the Russians managed to defeat the Germans and push them out of the country. MR. PILKINGTON Mr. Pilkington is the easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, as described in the book. He represents the western powers, such as the United Kingdom and the U. S.. The card game at the very end of the novel is a metaphor for the Tehran Conference, where the parties flatter each other, all the while cheating at the game. The irony in his last scene is present because of all of the Pigs being civil and kind to the humans, defying all for which they had fought. This was present in the Tehran Conference with the Alliance that the Soviet Union formed with the United States and the United Kingdom, capitalist countries that the Soviet Union had fought in the early years of the revolution. [4] At the end of the novel, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades (which in most games, is the highest-ranking card) at the same time and begin fighting loudly, symbolising the beginning of tension between the U. S. nd Soviet superpowers. Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood Farm is a human character in George Orwells satirical book Animal Farm. Mr. Pilkington has a more unkept farm, and is on bad terms with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, whose farm is on the opposite side of Animal Farm. Mr. Pilkington at first offered to buy Napoleons pile of timber, but the timber is bought (with counterfeit banknotes) by Frederick instead. When Frederick invades Animal Farm, Pilkington refuses to help the animals (primarily because the messages that Napoleon sent to Pilkington that read Death to Pilkington). edit] The Meeting Pilkington and several other of the men working on the farm were invited to a meeting by Napoleon and the pigs, where Napoleon reintroduces Animal Farms new name of Manor Farm. Pilkington praises Napoleon on his extreme strictness that he imposes upon the animals, forbidding them any time to enjoy themselves. He talks about the misunderstandings in the past that had been rectified. You have your lower animals, the fat human jokingly consents, and we have our lower classes. The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising each other while cheating at the game, representing the Tehran Conference. At the end of the novel, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades (which in most games, is the highest-ranking card) at the same time and begin fighting loudly this symbolizes the beginning of tension between the U. S and Soviet superpowers. [edit] Pilkington in the Allegory Pilkington represents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill of the Allies. After the end of World War II, the Cold War was ignited between the U. S and the Soviet Union, similar to the end of the meeting where both Napoleon and Pilkington play a simultaneous Ace of Spades. Horses There are two horses and one mare: Clover Boxer and Mollie the mare Boxer is one of the main characters. He is the tragic avatar of the working class, or proletariat: loyal, kind, dedicated, and physically the strongest animal on the farm, but naive and slow. His ignorance and blind trust towards his leaders leads to his death and their profit. In particular, his heroic physical work represents the Stakhanovite movement. His maxim of I will work harder is reminiscent of Jurgis Rudkus from the Upton Sinclair novel The Jungle. His second maxim, Napoleon is always right is an example of the propaganda used by Squealer to control the animals. It was not adopted until later in the book. Boxers work ethic is often praised by the pigs, and he is set as a prime example to the other animals. When Boxer is injured, and can no longer work, Napoleon sends him off to the knackers and deceives the other animals, saying that Boxer died peacefully in the hospital. When the animals cannot work, Napoleon tosses them aside, for they mean nothing to him. Boxer is a fictional horse from George Orwells Animal Farm, he is the farms most hard-working and loyal worker. He serves as an allegory for the Russian working class who helped oust the Czar and establish the Soviet Union, but were eventually betrayed by the Stalinists. He is one of the most popular of the books characters. Boxer is the tragic avatar of the working class, or proletariat: loyal, kind, dedicated, and strong. By contrast, he is not very clever and seldom progresses beyond the fourth letter of the alphabet. His major flaw, however, is his blind trust in the leaders, and his inability to see corruption, leading to his manipulation and abuse by the pigs in more or less the same manner as he was by Jones. His two mottos, seen below, sum up the double side of his character. He fights very bravely in the Battle of the Cowshed and the Battle of the Windmill but is upset when he thinks he has killed a stable lad when, in fact, he had only stunned the poor boy. When Boxer defends Snowballs reputation from Squealers revisionism, the pigs designate the workhorse as a target for the Great Purge, but he easily outmuscles his canine executioners, sparing them at Napoleons request. His eventual death serves to show just how far the pigs are willing to go - when he collapses due to working too hard, the pigs supposedly send him to a veterinarian, when in fact he was sent to the knackers yard to be slaughtered and made into dog food and glue, in exchange for money to buy a case of whiskey for the pigs, in what is perhaps their single most despicable action. A strong and loyal draft horse, Boxer played a huge part in keeping the Farm together prior to his death and was the only close friend of Benjamin, the cynical donkey. Ironically, during Old Majors speech which inspired the principles of animalism a specific reference is made to how he would be turned into glue under Jones rule, thus implying that it would not happen to him under Animalism. This is possibly a further decline from animalism to Napoleons government. Boxer may have been inspired by Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov, a miner in the Soviet Union who became a hero in 1935 for his great productivity, or the Soviet Stakhanovite movement named after him, which was aimed at increasing worker productivity. His name was possibly based upon the Boxer Uprising in China. Boxers Mottos I will work harder is Boxers response to nearly all problems. He ends up overstraining himself and collapses. This motto may be a reference to the novel The Jungle, which illustrates the abuse and swindling of the working class, as it was the motto of the main character in that novel also. Napoleon is always right- similar to Mussolini is always right- is Boxers statement where he always show a belief in Napoleon no matter what. Clover is Boxers mother and a fellow draft horse. She helps and cares for Boxer when he splits his hoof. She blames herself for forgetting the original Seven Commandments when Squealer had actually revised them. Clover is compassionate, as is shown when she protects the baby ducklings during Majors speech; albeit made out to be somewhat vain in the opening of the novel by the narrator, who remarks that she never recovered her figure after giving birth to her fourth foal. She is also upset when animals are executed by the dogs, and is held in great respect by three younger horses who ultimately replace Boxer. Mollie is a self-centred and vain white mare who likes wearing ribbons in her mane, eating sugar cubes (which represent luxury) and being pampered and groomed by humans. She represents upper-class people, the bourgeoisie and nobility who fled to the West after the Russian Revolution and effectively dominated the Russian diaspora. Accordingly, she quickly leaves for another farm and is only once mentioned again. Other animals Benjamin is a wise, old donkey that shows slight emotion and is one of the longest surviving of the Manor Farm animals; he is alive to the very last scene of the book. The animals often query him about his lack of expression but always answers with: Donkeys live a long life. None of you have ever seen a dead donkey. Benjamin can also read as well as any pig, but rarely displays his ability. He is a dedicated friend to Boxer and is sorely upset when Boxer is taken away. Benjamin has known about the pigs wrongdoing the entire time, though he says nothing to the other animals. He represents the cynics in society. It has also been speculated that Benjamin could also represent the role of Jews in society, although this is unlikely since so many of the early supporters of the Russian Revolution were Jews. Another possibility is that Benjamin is an allegory for intellectuals who have the wisdom to stay clear of the purges. Yet another representation is possibly that Benjamin is an allegory of the author himself. Benjamin is a fictional donkey in George Orwells novel Animal Farm. He is the longest-lived of the animals and is alive in the last scene of the novel. He is less straightforward than most characters in the novel and a number of interpretations have been put forward. It has been suggested that he represents the aged population of Russia, or that he represents the Menshevik intelligentsia: as intelligent, if not more so, than the novels pigs. He is very cynical about the Revolution and life in general. For the most part he represents the skeptical people in and out of Russia who believed that Communism would not help the people of Russia, but who did not criticise it fervently enough to lose their lives or approve of a gradualist alternative. He is also quite significant in that he is not quite a horse (the working peasantry) and yet definitely not a leader like the pigs- even if his intellect is equal to theirs. The fact that he also has a Biblical name could also imply that he also represents the Jewish populace of Russia whose lives were not remotely improved under Stalins leadership. In fact, when asked if he was happier post-Revolution than before the Revolution, he simply remarks, Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey. He is one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is able to read as well as any pig. [1] However, this is an ability he does not exercise until the end of the book, and for all his age, he is never given the option of retirement. The only outrage that inspires him into action is the pigs betrayal of Benjamins best friend, Boxer, after which he becomes more cynical than ever. Seen from a wider perspective, Benjamin is a symbol of intelligence that during the times of revolution and its aftermath is very much aware about what is going on, but does nothing about it. The general (manipulated) masses are represented by the sheep, who are not aware about their misuse, but it is Benjamin who can see how the basic rules of their society are changing and does not get in any way involved. It is quite possible that Benjamin represents George Orwell himself. Muriel is a wise, old goat who is friends with all the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read (with some difficulty, she has to spell the words out first) which helps Clover know that the Seven Commandments have been surreptitiously changed throughout the story. She possibly represents the same category as Benjamin. The only difference is that she dies at the end of the book due to age. The Puppies, who were raised by Napoleon to be his security force may be a reference to the fact that a major factor in Stalins rise to power was his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin in 1922, in which role he used his powers of appointment, promotion and demotion to quietly pack the party with his own supporters. He did this with such effectiveness that Lenins Testament eventually called for Stalins removal from this post. Lenins request was ignored by the leading members of the Politburo most notably Trotsky, represented in the novel by Snowball. The puppies represent Stalins secret police. Dogs The dogs represent the military/police. In the beginning of the book, they voted against accepting the rats rabbits as comrades. Shortly after the revolution, several pups are stolen from their mothers. Later in the book, these pups (now fully grown and fully trained) protect Napoleon from a second potential revolution, and help to enforce his decrees. Jessie, Bluebell, Pincher The only three dogs that are mentioned by name. They do not have a very active role in the novel. All three are mentioned as being present at old majors meeting, but Pincher is never mentioned again (except in the epilogue, when it is mentioned that all three dogs are dead) Jesse and Bluebell are the mothers of the pups which serve as Napoleons bodyguards (and I assume Pincher is the father). Jesse and Bluebell also participate in the Battle of the Windmill. The Sheep represented the masses, manipulated to support Stalin in spite of his treachery. The Rats may have represented some of the nomadic people in the far north of the USSR. Birds The primary motto of Animalism is Four legs good, two legs bad. The birds argued with this saying since it seems to exclude birds, which have two legs and two wings. Squealer set them at ease by explaining, A birds wing, comrades, is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief. In real life, there were several classes of citizens left out of socialist rhetoric as well. Most of the communistic slogans dealt with the proletariat which was primarily a reference to urban factory workers. The rural farmers, the clergy, the intelligentsia, and other non-labour union types probably felt left out, just as the birds did in the novel. And, just as in real life, most would be left out or killed after the revolution. The birds were different from the other animals they stood on two legs. And in real-life, the peasant farmers were unique as well many of them owned land. Though the land was eventually collectivized by the state in the 1930s, these peasants were allowed to own land (walk on two legs) for the first decade of communism. Property owners in the city lost their land (were forced to walk on four legs) immediately following the revolution. And the primary reason for this, as Squealer explained above, was that the peasants werent using their ownership of property to enrich themselves on the backs of the workers they generally farmed the land themselves, and so their land ownership was tolerated for some time (their wings were an organ of propulsion, not of manipulation). Moses The raven Moses symbolizes the Russian Orthodox Church. In the beginning of the novel, Moses was Mr. Joness pet. Moses fled the farm shortly after the revolution, but eventually returned. Moses never did any work. All he did was sit around telling stories primarily of Sugar Candy Mountain, a paradise where animals lived on after they have died. At first Napoleon tried to get rid of Moses. But eventually Moses was allowed to stay on the farm and was even given a small ration of beer. Moses the raven is an old bird that occasionally visits the farm with tales of Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says animals go when they die, but only if they work hard. He represents religion, specifically the Russian Orthodox Church, which is banned when the pigs come to power. He leaves after the rebellion, for all animals are supposed to be equal, and religion is not part of equality, but returns later in the novel because he convinces the animals to work harder. Nobody does anything to harm Moses, due to the fact that all animals (and Moses being an animal) are equal. In the end, he is one of few animals to remember the rebellion, along with Clover, Benjamin, and the pigs. Hens Peasant Farmers. In Chapter seven, Napoleon calls for the hens to surrender their eggs. This is a reference to Stalins attempt to collectivize the peasant farmers of Russia. The hens attempted to resist the order at first, just as the peasant farmers of the Ukraine. But, just as in real life, they were eventually starved into submission. In the book, 9 hens died during the incident. In real-life, it is estimated that somewhere between 4 and 10 million Ukrainian peasants were starved to death by Stalin. In the book, it was also said that the Hens smashed their own eggs to protest Napoleons actions. In real-life, Ukrainian farmers would slaughter their own livestock before joining a collective as a form of protest. So many farmers engaged in this practice, that livestock in the Ukraine dwindled by 50%-80% between 1928 and 1935. The problem got so out of hand that Stalin eventually executed any farmer found guilty of engaging in this practice. Even the act of neglecting your livestock was punishable by death. Three young Black Minorca pullets The leaders of the hens resistance. The book says that these three chickens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleons wishes. The dictionary defines a Minorca Hen as A domestic fowl of a breed originating in the Mediterranean region and having white or black plumage. a reference to the Ukrainians possibly? (although not exactly on the Mediterranean, the Ukraine is in the same general area) Never the less, It was the Ukrainian peasants who formed the primary resistance to Stalins attempts to collectivize farming, so the black Minorcan Pullets are almost certainly a reference to the Ukrainians. But it is also possible that Orwell may be referring to specific group of Ukrainians the Ukrainian Kulaks. The Kulaks were middle and upper class peasants that owned farmland in Ukraine. It was they that had the most to lose by collectivizing. (And as a side note, Minorca is A Spanish island in the Balearics of the western Mediterranean Sea. Held by the British and the French at various times during the 18th century, it was a Loyalist stronghold in the Spanish Civil War. This is curious since Orwell had personally participated in the Spanish Civil War, and was probably well aware of this islands act of resistance. ) Cockerels Serve as an alarm clock for Boxer. Napoleon had a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter (He would let out a loud cock-a-doodle-doo before Napoleon spoke. ) Frederick (Hitler) was said to hold cockfights where the combatants had splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. Pigeons The pigeons, who fly out each day to spread the word about animalism to the other farms in Willingdon, represent the Communist World Revolution The Communist International, or Comintern, as it is widely known. Geese ? Mentioned in the Beast of England Turkeys ? Mentioned in the Beast of England Ducks They are generally only mentioned in conjunction with the hens, and, just like the hens, are portrayed as being less intelligent than the other animals. The obviously represent some type of peasantry, but it is unclear as to with specific group Orwell is referring to since Orwell never gives any specifics of the Ducks role on the farm. The book merely states that some ducklings (who have lost their mother) were present at Old Majors meeting, and that clover has protected them so the other animals wouldnt trample on them. The ducks are mentioned as assisting with building the windmill. It is also said that they helped the hens save five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. The book also states that the Ducks, along with the Sheep and the hens, were on the lower end of the intelligence scale completely incapable of grasping the full ideas of animalism. Since ducks are water-borne foul, it is possible that they may represent the farmers of the sea fishermen perhaps The Hens may have represented the Kulaks as they destroy their eggs rather than hand them over to Napoleon, similar to how during collectivisation some Kulaks destroyed machinery or killed their livestock. The Cat represents laziness (for she, along with Mollie, did not do any work on the farm) and possibly racism (for she is the only one who says the rats are enemies). Bibliography: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Animal_Farm