Problems encountered in the onion cultivation of the Dambulla area

Problems encountered in the onion cultivation of the Dambulla area Big Onion crop was introduced to Sri Lanka by the British in 1855 and commercial cultivation was introduced by the Department of Agriculture during the 1950s and over the past years, the crop performance was evaluated in many parts of the country and it was observed that big onions can be grown economically during every Maha season in almost all parts of the country. 2. However, at present the cultivation of big onion is confined only to Matale, Anuradhapura, Puthalama, Pollonnaruwa, Mahawelli and Jaffna Districts. More than 50% of the total onion production in Sri Lanka is cultivated from the Matale District.  [1]   3. The Government strives to achieve a self sufficient stage in the production of big onions since Sri Lanka spends a significant amount of cash outflow every year on the importation of the big onions. Meanwhile, in the recent past it has been noticed that the big onion production has been affected in Sri Lanka and therefore customers are also paying a higher price for the big onions. In particular the big onion production in Dambulla area has been declining in the last few years. AIM OF THE RESEARCH 4. The Dambulla area plays an important role in the big onion cultivation in Sri Lanka. The Government has been paying less attention and support on promoting the big onion production in Dambulla. Therefore, it has so happened that the onion production in Dambulla has declined in the recent past as a consequence of the governments less support for this sector. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to promote the big onion cultivation in the Dambulla area. OBJECTIVES General Objectives 5. This research is carried out with the following specific and general objectives. a. The main general objective of this study is to identify the main problems encountered in the onion cultivation of the Dambulla area. Specific objective 6. The specific objective of this study is to give the recommendation to improve the Big onion cultivation in the Dambulla area and specific objectives are as follows. a. To study the recent history of Big onion cultivation in Dambulla area and to compare the present situation of the Big Onion cultivation. b. To identify the main issues encountered in big onion cultivation in Dambulla. c. To identify the critical contributing factors. d. To make recommendations based on the findings. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY HYPOTHESIS 1. Low yield of onion industry in Dambulla is due to less assistance of the government sector STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2. The Matale District plays an important role in the big onion cultivation in Sri Lanka in particular Dambulla provides big onions for the Sri Lankans consumption. In the recent past due to the lack of support from the government sector the big onion cultivation has been declining. 3. As a result the big onion cultivation in Dambulla will be non existence in the very near future. Furthermore, many farmers depend on the big onion cultivation as their livelihood in Dambulla. Hence, if the big onion cultivation in Dambulla is affected many families will lose their income and it will affect the survival of many families. Thus the lack of support from the government and the consequent less onion cultivation are considered as the research problem for this study. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4. This research studies the declining stage of the onion cultivation in Dambulla. The scope covers only the Dambulla area of big onion farmers. Therefore, this research has been limited to the onion farmers of the Dambulla area. DATA COLLECTION METHODS a. Primary Data . Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. These questionnaires consist of 2 parts they are; Part I the factors determining the big onion cultivation in Dambulla and Part II the personal profile. The first part comprises statements of two major factors which determine the big onion cultivation in Dambulla; poor quality of seeds and the lack of fertilizer support. To identify the responses the questionnaire in part I applied the Likert scale of 1 5, which ranges from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. The second part included the personal profile of the respondents relating to; age, sex, civil status and number of years the farmer has been in cultivation. b. Secondary Data. In addition to primary data, secondary data also was collected for this research. It was collected by referring to the reports from the Agricultural Department and from the Department of Census and Statistics. SAMPLE OF THE STUDY 7. This research studies the factors influencing the decline of the big onion cultivation in Dambulla. Therefore, the responses were collected from the local onion farmers from the Dambulla area. Thus, 100 big onion farmers were considered as a sample for this study since all farmers could not be accessible within the limited time for this study. These farmers were selected in a random basis. Therefore, the simple random sampling method was applied for the selection of the sample. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 8. The following limitations were encountered in the study. a. Time is limited, so that within the limited time the research has to be finished because of this in-depth analysis cannot be applied. b. The researcher encountered limitation of resources. c. The sample was limited only to 100 farmers. LITERATURE REVIEW 9. The big onion is an important minor crop consumed by many Sri Lankans and it has been estimated that 34,000 metric tons of onion is imported annually and Sri Lanka spends around 300 million rupees on onion importation (Gunawardena, 2009). Furthermore, it has been also estimated that 45,000 labour units are employed in the onion cultivation and production annually by Sri Lankans and therefore, it increases income and employment generation for many Sri Lankans.  [2]   10. Many countries worldwide are getting involved in the big onion production. In particular they are; Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, India, Pakistan etc (Research Institute for Vegetable crops, 2006). 11. According to Shanmugasundaram (2001) there are varieties of onion and it mainly includes the sweet, red, white, yellow, brown and green etc. TYPES OF ONION Source Shanmugasundaram (2008) BENEFITS OF ONION PRODUCTION 12. Furthermore, it has been identified that the big onion production brings several comparative benefits when compared to with other crops (Autko Moisevich, 2006). Some of the benefits are given below. a. Output can be obtained in a short period of time. b. Initial costs such as; seeds costs, fertilizer costs are comparatively less. c. It does not require a set cost. d. Less technology the machines are sufficient. e. High employability of manual labourers. f. Easy to find markets. g. Less storage period. 13. The onion basically has been divided into red onions and big onions and each variety requires different eco-agricultural conditions, labour, fertilizer, weather and climatic conditions, temperature, etc. REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR THE ONION PRODUCTION 14. The literature suggests different requirements for smooth growing of the big onion production. Some of the conditions suggested by Autko and Moisevich (2006) are given below. a. Increase of fertile soil layers in the zone of plant root by 4-6 cm b. Increase of aeration and warming of soil, excluding over wetting in the period of heavy precipitation c. Decrease of fertilizer rate application by 30% d. Decrease of seed sowing rates e. Ensuring of looser soil state during the whole period of vegetation f. Possibility of soil surface copying by working organs of machines, during inter-row treatment, lowering of plant protective zone 3-5 cm, mechanical weed destruction by 70-75% and band application of pesticides that ensures the decrease of their rates by 2-3 times g. Increase of irrigation efficiency h. Diminution of nitrate content in the production j. Decrease of energy expense during harvesting by 20-40%. 15. Therefore, the above conditions can be considered as the basic requirements for the growth and survival of the big onion production. 16. The onion basically has been divided into red onions and large onions and each variety requires different eco-agricultural conditions, labour, fertilizer, weather and climatic conditions, temperature, etc. DECEASES IN THE ONION CULTIVATION 17. Shanmugasundaram, (2001) has identified the following diseases that affect the onion cultivation. He has divided these deceases into two. a. Field diseases b. Storage diseases 18. The field diseases comprises of Stemphylium blight , Purple blotch, Anthracnose, Botrytis leaf blight, Downy mildew, Pink root, Smudge, Smut and several Basal rots (Shanmugasundaram, 2001). 19. The storage diseases covers common field rots, botrytis neck rot, black mold and bacterial soft rot (Shanmugasundaram, 2001). PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE BIG ONION CULTIVATION IN SRI LANKA 20. Meanwhile it has been learned that in the recent past the onion cultivation has been reducing as a result of many factors. Some factors identified by Kulatunga (2006) are presented below. a. Lack of quality seeds b. Lack of advice given for application of seeds c. Insufficient loan facilities available to purchase high quality seeds d. Long durations taken for harvesting from seeds e. Lack of government support in providing fertilizer facilities to the onion production f. Lack of quality fertilizers available for the onion producers g. Lack of availability of fertilizer at outside and private outlets h. Absence of counselling and advice given on how to apply the fertilizers for the new variety j. Lack of storage facilities to store the onion production. 21. Though these problems are encountered in the onion production it can be divided into two major categories. These are given below. a. Lack of government support in giving seeds to the onion cultivators. b. Lack of government support to provide fertilizer to onion cultivation. LACK OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO SEEDS 22. It has been observed that big onion cultivation has been affected to greater extent by the lack of government motivation in finding required seeds. Thus; lack of quality seeds, lack of counselling and advise on applying seeds, lack of new variety of seeds, insufficient government financial support to purchase seeds, absence of assurance on harvesting duration etc are encountered under seeds (Kulatunga, 2006). LACK OF FERTILIZER SUPPORT 23. Kulatunga (2006) has also identified that there is no sufficient fertilizer support to motivate the big onion production. In Sri Lanka it has been learned that the onion farmers lack government funding and subsidies to buy fertilizers. Furthermore, fertilizer is sold at a fairly high price in the outside outlets. In addition the efficient and harvest stimulating fertilizers are not available for the onion farmers. Also the high quality and different variety of fertilizers are also not available to increase the big onion cultivation in the Dambulla area. INCREASING BIG ONION PRODUCTION 24. It is therefore important that the onion production is increased in order to protect the big onion industry and to assure the livelihood of many Sri Lankans. Hence the literature suggests that the following measures can increase the onion production. a. Involving in research and development activities in order to increase the onion production. b. Government providing support to find high quality seeds. c. Government has to give seeds of the new varieties. d. Government has to provide seeds at subsidized prices. e. Government has to provide constant counselling and advice on handling seeds. f. Government has to extend the fertilizer subsidy. g. Providing high quality fertilizer. h. Monitoring fertilizer distribution. j. Counselling on handling diseases. Conceptual model 25. From the literature review the following conceptual model has been developed. Figure 3.1 Conceptual Model Decreasing onion cultivation Lack of fertilizer availability Lack of seed availability (Source Formed for this Research Study) 26. The above figure depicts two sets of factors that determine the decrease in the onion cultivation; the lack of seed availability and the lack of fertilizer availability. This was derived from Kulatunga (2006). Each set of the major factors have sub factors. Therefore, these two are considered as the independent variables. The decreasing onion cultivation can be identified as the dependent variable. Hence, this figure establishes links between the factors and the decreasing onion cultivation. Through this research study one need to know which factor(s) cause for the decreasing onion cultivation, among the farmers in the Dambulla area. Table 2.1 Operationalization of Variables Concepts Variables Indicators Level of Measurement Question No. Factors determining the onion cultivation Lack of seeds availability Receiving high quality seeds Likert Q1 Distribution of seeds by the government Likert Q2 Provision of subsidy by the government to buy seeds regularly Likert Q3 Seeds giving the expected harvest Likert Q4 Purchase seeds from the Government Agricultural Department Likert Q5 Provision of training and counselling regarding the new seeds by the government Likert Q6 I can get new varieties of seeds Likert Q7 I can get regular counselling and advice of the diseases on the seeds Likert Q8 Lack of fertilizers availability Fertilizer subsidy from the government Likert Q9 Purchase of fertilizer from the Government Agricultural Department Likert Q10 Purchase of fertilizer from the private outlets at a less price Likert Q11 Getting high quality fertilizer Likert Q12 Getting advice and counselling for the application of fertilizers Likert Q13 Getting different variety of fertilizers Likert Q14 Getting fertilizer that can maximize the harvest Likert Q15 Storage of excess fertilizer for future use Likert Q16 (Source Formed for this research study) DATA EVALUATION 27. The mean and standard deviation were derived for data analysis. Furthermore, the criteria shown in the table below was adopted to evaluate the mean values. Table 2.2 Evaluation Criteria for Mean Values Range Degree 1 3.67 Low level Moderate level High level Source Developed for this study CHAPTER THREE DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. This chapter covers the data presentation, analysis and discussion. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 2. This section presents mean and standard deviation of the factors affecting the onion cultivation in Dambulla. The mean values have been distributed based on Likerts Scale of one to five which represents Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. Meanwhile, mean values were evaluated based on the already established evaluative criteria which range from low level to high level. Table 3.1 the values of mean and standard deviation (SD) of factors contributing to the onion cultivation: Statements From current staff Mean SD Lack of seed availability 1.90 .25 Lack of fertilizer availability 2.24 .41Source Survey Data 3. Table 3.1 represents values of mean and standard deviation of factors contributing to the decreasing level of the onion cultivation. The mean value of the seed availability is 1.90 and the standard deviation is 0.25. Since the mean value of seed availability (1.90) is less than 2.33, it falls into the category of low level satisfaction 4. Meanwhile, the mean value of fertilizer availability is 2.24 and standard deviation for the same variable is 0.41. Thus, the mean value of fertilizer availability (2.24) is less than 2.33 and it also falls under low level of satisfaction. Table 3.2 the mean and standard deviation values for the statements in the seed availability: Statements Mean SD I get high quality seeds 1.88 .89 Government distribute seeds 1.94 .81 Government provides a subsidy to buy seeds regularly 1.74 .69 Seeds give an expected harvest 1.56 .61 We can buy seeds from the Government Agricultural Department 2.16 .86 Government provides training and counselling regarding the new seeds 2.12 .91 I can get new varieties of seeds 1.79 .55 I can get regular counselling and advice of the diseases in the seeds 1.85 .45Source Survey Data 5. Table 3.2 shows the mean and standard deviation values for the statements in the seeds availability. As presented above, all eight statements that measure seed availability for the onion farmers in the Dambulla area have taken the mean values of less than 2.33. Therefore, it can be derived that farmers satisfaction on all statements of seed availability fall into the category of lower level satisfaction. Table 3.3 the mean and standard deviation values for the statements in the fertilizer availability: Statements Mean SD I get fertilizer subsidy from the government 2.20 .92 I can buy fertilizer from the Government Agricultural Department 2.14 .85 I can buy fertilizer from private outlets at a less price 2.18 .99 I can get high quality fertilizer 2.20 .94 I get advice and counselling on the application of fertilizer 2.15 .93 I get different variety of fertilizer 2.24 .84 I get fertilizers that can maximize harvest 2.12 .96 I can store excess fertilizer for future use 2.09 .92 Source Survey Data 6. Table 3.3 reveals the values of mean and standard deviation for the statements in the fertilizer availability. Hence all statements that measure the influence of fertilizer availability of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area have taken the mean values less than 2.33. Therefore it can be stated that the farmers satisfaction towards all statements of fertilizer availability fall into the category of low level of satisfaction. Personal profile 7. This section presents data on the personal profile of the farmers in the Dambulla area. It covers age, sex, civil status and the number of years of experience in the onion cultivation of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area. Age Distribution Fig 3.1 the age distribution of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area: Source Survey Data Table 3.4 the age distribution of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area Age category Frequency Percent Less than 25 30 30 26-35 28 28 35-45 24 24 Above 45 18 18 Total 100 100 Source Survey Data 8. Fig 3.1 shows the age distribution of the respondents from onion farmers in the Dambulla area. Thirty percent of the respondents are less than 25 years and the respondents falling into the category of 26 35 and 35 45 are 28% and 24%, respectively and 82% of the respondents are less than the age of 45. Only 18% of the responded onion farmers are above the age of 45. Hence it reveals a fact that the majority of the onion framers in Dambulla are less than the age of 45. 9. Therefore it can be concluded that most of the young employees are found to be faced with a decreasing level of onion production. Sex Distribution Fig. 3.2 Sex distribution of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area Source Survey Data Table 3.5 Sex distribution of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area Sex category Frequency Percent Male 68 68 Female 32 32 Total 100 100 Source Survey Data 10. Fig 3.2 shows the sex distribution of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area. Sixty-eight percent of the responded onion farmers in the Dambulla area are male and 32% of the responded onion farmers are female. 11. This shows that most of the male onion farmers in the Dambulla area are found to be affected with a decreasing level of onion cultivation the Dambulla area. Civil status Fig 3.3 Civil status of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area : Source Survey Data Table 3.6 Civil status of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area   Civil status Frequency Percent Single 38 38 Married 62 62 Total 100 100 Source Survey Data 12. Fig 3.3 shows the civil status of the responded onion farmers in the Dambulla area. Sixty-two percent of the respondents are married and 38% are single. 13. It is clear that most of the married onion farmers in the Dambulla area are found to be facing the problem of a decreasing level of onion cultivation the Dambulla area. Distribution of years of experience Fig. 3.4 Number of years of experience in the onion cultivation Source Survey Data Table 3.7 Number of years of experience in the onion cultivation Number of years of experience Frequency Percent Less than 3 20 20 3-5 46 46 6-10 30 30 Above 10 4 4 Total 100 100 Source Survey Data 14. Fig 3.4 shows the number of years of experience in the onion cultivation of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area. Accordingly, 20 % of the responded onion farmers in the Dambulla area have less than 3 years of experience and the responded onion farmers in the Dambulla falling into the category of 3 5 and 6 10 years are 46% and 30%, respectively. Only 4% of the responded onion farmers have the experience of above 10 years. Thus, more than 95% of the responded onion farmers in the Dambulla area have less than 10 years of experience. 15. Therefore it can be stated that the most of the onion farmers in the Dambulla area who have an experience of less than 10 years are found to be encountering the problem of a decreasing level of onion cultivation in the Dambulla area. CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION AND ARGUMENTS 1. This chapter provides the discussion on analysis. It presents the mean and the standard deviation of the two factors contributing to the onion cultivation. Table 4.1 Mean and standard deviation values for the statements in the seed availability: Statements Mean SD I get high quality seeds 1.88 .89 Government distribute seeds 1.94 .81 Government provides the subsidy to buy seeds regularly 1.74 .69 Seeds give the expected harvest 1.56 .61 We can buy seeds from the Government Agricultural Department 2.16 .86 Government provides training and counselling regarding the new seeds 2.12 .91 I can get new varieties of seeds 1.79 .55 I can get regular counselling and advise on the diseases in the seeds 1.85 .45 Source Survey Data 2. As presented in Table 4.1 the onion farmers have expressed their lower level of satisfaction on all statements of the availability of seeds and the quality, because all mean values are under the category of 1 2.33. 3. Thus the first statement I get high quality seeds has taken a mean value of 1.88 which represents that the onion farmers are not highly satisfied with the availability of the high quality seeds. 4. Similarly the second statement Government distribute seeds has taken a mean value of 1.94 and this also comes under the lower level of satisfaction. This reflects that the government does not distribute seeds and therefore it also affects their onion cultivation. 5. Third statement Government provides the subsidy to buy seeds regularly has taken a mean value of 1.79 which represents that the onion farmers are not satisfied with the governments subsidies to buy the seeds. 6. Fourth statement Seeds gives the expected harvest has taken a mean value of 1.56 which reflects that the onion farmers are less satisfied with the amount of harvest from the seeds and this affect the onion cultivation from the Dambulla area. 7. 5th statement We can buy seeds from the Government Agricultural Department has given a mean value of 2.16 which shows that the onion farmers are unable to purchase seeds from the agricultural department and this also reduces the onion cultivation. 8. Next statement Government provides training and counselling regarding the new seeds has obtained a mean value of 2.12 which indicates that the onion cultivators do not get sufficient training and counselling from the relevant authorities on how to apply the new varieties of seeds and this affects the onion cultivation in the Dambulla area. 9. 7th statement I can get new varieties of seeds has received a mean value of 1.79 and this refers that the farmers are unable to get new varieties of seeds and therefore the onion production has come down in Dambulla. 10. The final statement I can get regular counselling and advice on the diseases in the seeds has given a mean value of 1.85 which signifies that the onion farmers do not get regular counselling and advice on new diseases affecting the onion cultivation. Therefore, they are unable to protect the onion cultivation and ensure higher growth. Table 4.2 Mean and standard deviation values for the statements in the fertilizer availability: Statements Mean SD I get the fertilizer subsidy from government 2.20 .92 I can buy fertilizer from Government Agricultural Department 2.14 .85 I can buy fertilizer from the private outlets at a less price 2.18 .99 I can get high quality fertilizer 2.20 .94 I get advice and counselling on the application of fertilizer 2.15 .93 I get different variety of fertilizers 2.24 .84 I get fertilizer that can maximize the harvest 2.12 .96 I can store the excess fertilizer for future use 2.09 .92Source Survey Data 11. As in Table 4.2 the onion cultivators have indicated lower level of satisfaction on all statements of fertilizer availability because the mean in all comes under the category of 1 2.33. 12. Thus the first statement I get the fertilizer subsidy from government has taken a mean value of 2.20 and this means that the onion farmers do not get fertilizer subsidy to buy the fertilizer and this leads towards less onion cultivation. 13. Similarly the second statement I can buy fertilizer from the Government Agricultural Department. has taken a mean value of 2.14 and this falls under the lower level of satisfaction. This reflects that the farmers are unable to purchase fertilizer from the agricultural department and has limited capacity of increasing their production. 14. Third statement I can buy the fertilizer from private outlets at a less price has taken a mean value of 2.18 stating that the onion farmers cannot buy fertilizer at a less price from other outside outlets. Therefore, it has affected their capacity of the onion cultivation. 15. Next statement I can get high quality fertilizer has taken a mean value of 2.20 which represents that the onion farmers are finding difficulties in purchasing fertilizer that can maximize their harvest and it has reduced the onion cultivation. 16. 5th statement I get advice and counselling on the application of fertilizer has given a mean value of 2.15, indicating that the farmers are unable to get advise and counselling on how to use different varieties of fertilizer. This has limited the onion cultivation in Dambulla. 17. 6th statement I get different variety of fertilizer has obtained a mean value of 2.24 which indicates that the onion cultivators are unable to find different varieties and new varieties of fertiliser that stimulate more harvest. As a result the onion cultivation has been less in the Dambulla area. 18. 7th statement I get fertilizer that can maximize the harvest has received a mean value of 2.12 and it means that the onion farmers are unable to find fertiliser that can give the optimal harvest and this has affected the onion cultivation from Dambulla. 19. The final statement I can store excess fertilizer for future use has given a mean value of 2.09 which indicates that the onion farmers do not have facilities of storage and keeping fertilizer for future use. Therefore, their fertilizer utilization is not optimal. Therefore the onion cultivation has been limited in Dambulla. CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS/RESULTS 1. This chapter provides the findings and the discussions. It presents the mean and the standard deviation of the two factors contributing to the onion cultivation. Table 5.1 Values of mean and standard deviation

Being Labeled Autistic

Being â€Å"Labeled† Autistic. First it is important to understand the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In this article you will identify the needs and interest of children with High Functioning Autism and Low Functioning Autism, the social and communication skills, behavioral abnormalities, learning disabilities, and functioning as an adult with Autism. I. Detecting Autism in a child. A. The signs, diagnosis and treatment. 1. Screening evaluations: All children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) demonstrate deficits in, social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communications and repetitive behaviors or interest.Also have poor eye contact, doesn’t smile, excessively lines up toys or other objects. Does not respond to name, or does not speak one word by the age of 16 months. The first signs of ASD can also appear in children who have seemed to be developing normally. 2. Interventions and treatments: It is important to remember that every person impacted by Autism is diff erent and may benefit from different treatments or interventions. These are a variety of interventions.Applied behavior analysis is effective when used to teach complex communication, social, play and self help skills. Discrete trial training is when a teacher presents an instruction and provides consequences for a correct or incorrect response. Speech Therapy provides professional help and guidance in communication skills. Gluten-free, Casein-free diets, are effective diets to improve communication, social interactions, and sleep patterns while reducing digestive problems and autistic behaviors. B. Autism Spectrum Disorders, interest and behaviors. . Social and communication skills: Autistic individuals usually display a very limited of interest and activities, repetitive behavior (example: repeating the same sentence over and over), obsessively following routines, or having methodical and specific ways of arranging things. For instance, a child may have little trouble learning to read, but exhibit poor social interaction. Often times between 12 and 36 months old, the differences in the way they react to people and other unusual behaviors become apparent.Each child will display communication, and social skills that are individual but fit into the overall diagnosis of ASD. 2. Behavioral and learning disabilities: Autism affects the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize. They have difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling because they can’t understand social cues, such as tone of voice or facial expressions, and don’t watch other people’s faces for clues about appropriate behavior, they lack empathy.Children whose language skills regress early in life, before the age of 3, appear to have a higher than normal risk of developing epilepsy or seizure like brain activity. II. The difference between High Functioning Autism and Low Functioning Autism. A. The life of a High Functioning Autistic Child. 1. The functions of a High Functioning Child: High functioning means having an IQ of higher than 80. These individuals do not exhibit certain behaviors, such as self injury or aggression. They often have more normal functions and behaviors, such as speaking and carrying out day to day activities with no problems.Often they may have difficulty initiating love and friendship relationships, often being rejected because potential partners perceive them as being too nerdy or too intelligent. This can lead to low self esteem or loneliness. They do not lack empathy, although they may have trouble expressing it. In a well resourced educational institution they often do well academically if they can be simulated by good teachers. They are usually intelligent, gifted, honest and hard workers. Some are thought to become scientists and engineers. 2.The challenges of a High Functioning Autistic Child: Coping with this condition is a daily challenge, especially in the lacking of skills in interacting with others. These individuals have such social delays and difficulties that interaction with a normal social setting can be severely hampered. Some may have minor to moderate difficulty with motor skills and coordination. Also they may nurture a complex habitual movement at which they become adept, for example, rocking back and forth or bumping. B. The life of a Low Functioning Autistic Child. 1.The Functions of a Low Functioning Autistic Child: Low Functioning means having an IQ below 70. Also meaning severely autistic. These children do not speak, often do not understand receptive language, do not care nor do they wish to engage in conversation unless it is absolutely necessary and it is extremely limited due to the lack of speech, do not respond well to behavioral therapy, and do not show a great deal of improvement. Retardation is common, epilepsy is common, and other disorders may be present as well. They do not express emotions well, except anger.These emotions ar e unknown due to their inability to communicate. They can be violent and for no reason at all, attack someone and then be fine and passive again a few minutes later. 2. The challenges of a Low Functioning Autistic Child: Limited grammar and an impulsive sensitivity to stimulus are often thought to be typical of low functioning autism, as is a strong visual processing preference. These children with mental challenges are more likely to exhibit behavior and emotional problems. Academically, they lag behind in achievement for their age expectations.Typically they lag behind their piers three to four years. Children with severe Autism can acquire basic communication skills, both oral and written. III. Functioning as an Adult with Autism. A. Working and living as an Autistic adult. 1. Independent living vs. supervised living: Independent living involves persons living with Autism in their own apartment or house with little, if any support services. Support services may be limited to such areas as complex problem-solving, money management, or budgeting. In supervised group living, group homes are facilities that serve several individuals with disabilities.Adult foster care, individuals live in a home with a family, and is intended to be as permanent as possible. 2. Preparing the Autistic adult for employment: Many Autistic adults are capable of employment, especially those with high functioning autism, in sheltered workshops, under the supervision of working with persons with disabilities. Some of the teachings start from academics to more functional life skills and prevocational skills. Therefore, their educational goals need to focus on preparing them for employment and adult life. B.Relationships, marriage, and living life to the fullest. 1. Having social relationships: There are a significant number of Autistics who have done very well in relationships. Once an autistic crosses the threshold of dating, they will improve their knowledge and ability in handling re lationships. Adults on the Autism spectrum should watch as much adult television as they can enjoy. Cinematic depiction of emotions is particularly good as an educational tool.Some Autistics are gullible, but they also have the advantage of being able to look at things logically. 2. Happily married and raising a family: Many Autistics are happily married and parents. With knowledge of Autisim comes a much greater tendency to engage people who enjoy the company of someone with Autistic characteristics. There are a large number of anecdotal reports of good relationships involving Autistics.In concluding that Autism is not a disease, it is a way of life! Autism doesn’t need to be cured, it needs to be accepted and Autistics allowed to be themselves without fear. Most are average at a variety of things, just like the rest of society. They may work to develop their talents and become impressive teachers or mathematicians, but the majority aren’t prodigies. They are just peo ple who are good at some things and not others. Above all, treat Autistics as you would anyone else and allow for the differences that are sure to make themselves known.

Introducing Simple Persuasive Essay Samples

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Hydrofracking - Social Context of Business - 2663 Words

Evaluation of Talisman Energy’s Hydraulic Fracturing Practises in Hudson Hope ABSTRACT To meet the demand of oil in today’s oil dependent society, Talisman Energy is looking to exploit a mine located in Hudson Hope, British Colombia. The most suitable extraction process is hydraulic fracturing, which currently presents several environmental concerns to the residents located near the mine, and a representation of the general public who believe that hydraulic fracturing is not an ethical method of extraction. Talisman Energy has recently been granted a long term contract to utilize fresh water from BC Hydro’s Williston Reservoir. Local residents are concerned about the additives used in Talismans fracking process, as well as the†¦show more content†¦The company is an active member of the United Nations Global Compact, and is included in the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index. In July 2011, Talisman Energy was granted permission to build a fresh water withdrawal pipe link to tap BC Hydro s Williston Reservoir for its fracking operations in the Montney Deep Shale Formation. This was granted in the form of a long term water licence that would allow for the necessary constant fresh water source for its fracking operations located near the small town of Hudson Hope. Talisman’s initial proposal includes its proposed water withdrawal figures, totalling 484 million gallons of fresh water3. This amount of water is comparable to the amount of water that could be stored in about 3, 47-story high-rises. It is no surprise that the residents of Hudson Hope have expressed concern in Talismans permanent water licence. In addition, a drought in July 2010 leaves the Williston Reservoir levels lower than usual. Residents have also expressed concern over the â€Å"additives† that are added to the fracking fluid. Due to the intense crack propagation induced by fracking, these additives are subject to enter the ground water supply, and in the past have been present in drinking water. Hydraulic fracturing poses several environmental concerns that question its ethicalShow MoreRelatedMedia And Politics : A Brief Note On Media Politics2454 Words   |  10 Pageslimited the kinds of programs broadcasters could televise due to the pressure of legal constraints allowing any public figure to be given air time to debate. This Supreme Court case involved the fairness doctrine being challenged by Red Lion in the context of regulating personal attacks made in a debate. The Court ruled in favor of the FCC, arguing that their fairness doctrine enhanced free speech. This case is significant in that it mandates the media’s responsibility to provide an individual withRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesAbstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 3 Hydraulic Fracturing Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4 History of Fracking.....................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 5 Cultural Context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 8 Pros†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 8 Cons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 11 Context Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 16 Media Influence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 17 Fracking Fluids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 18 Proppants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Era Of Mass Incarceration Essay - 1961 Words

Introduction and Thesis Statement Throughout recent decades in the United States, and other Western countries, the prison population has dramatically and exponentially risen from approximately 357,292 inmates in 1970 to 2,306,200 in the year 2014. This has been coined as the era of mass incarceration, with the United States becoming the largest prison nation in the world. Within these present statistics, one in seventeen white men, compared one in three black men will go to prison, illustrating the obvious inequality and racialized justice that is embedded throughout U.S. societal, political and legislative spheres. In the mid 1990’s the government, with the help of popular demand, enacted the ‘get tough’ prison ideology in which the â€Å"No Frills Prison Act† was passed (Johnson 1997). The idea behind this movement of a harsher prison environment, with the regulation and/or exclusion of certain amenities and recreational programming, further criminalized prison inmates while continuing to punish them once they were in prison. In present day, there have been many attempts to increase recreational opportunities and programs within prisons, including but not limited to sports, work, rehabilitation programs, educational programs and much more. Many researchers and criminal rights advocates have attempted to increase the awareness of the effectiveness from different types of recreational programs, with many resulting in positive outcomes. Through the combination of personalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Incarceration During The Era Of Mass Imprisonment2337 Words   |  10 PagesWestern’s, Punishment and Inequality in America, discusses the era of the â€Å"Prison Boom† that occurs from 1970-2003—when incarceration rates climbed almost five times higher than they had been in the twentieth century—while stating the effects and consequences that mass imprisonment created within the United States penal system. By discussing the disparities of incarceration between sex, age, race and education level, and how post-incarceration affects opportunities such as marriage and high-waged employmentRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 PagesMass incarceration is known as a net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designedRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and lega l scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power a nd how the Supreme CourtRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, which was noted in the U.S constitution. To speed things along you have the slavery which transferred to convicted leasing to Jim Crow Era and now Mass Incarceration which all has striped millions of the people, whom are in the lower caste systems, away from their families similar to slavery. This paper focus on how mass incarceration has become the new form of Jim Crow and slavery. The Unit ed Stated population represent 5% of the world population, but we have 25% of the world prisonersRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that today’s mass incarceration is the new Jim Crow. Michelle Alexander, an associate professor of law at Ohio State University, outlines her argument for how she came to see the United States legal system as a system of racialized social control in her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. She argues that mass incarceration is a type of racial caste system similar to Jim Crow, the â€Å"war on drugs† is the greatest contribution to mass incarceration, and much of theRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has ree merged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface and perform a song titled Jump Jim Crow. (Bart-Planged) A decadeRead MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreRacial Inequalities And Racial Inequality1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifested in American society in ways that underlies a wide range of societal domains such as housing patterns, educational opportunities, healthcare inequality, and incarceration rates. Current events and experiences demonstrate moreover that racial inequality is still adamant in the American culture. Long after slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the civil rights movement, racial inequality has taken distinctive forms which affect many people within a racially oppres sed group. Racial segregation at large

Counseling Scenario Free Essays

The second scenario involves children in a divorce counseling group. It is expected that emotions can and will be stirred. Surprisingly, my co-leader became angry at one of the children after the latter described how angry she is at her mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Scenario or any similar topic only for you Order Now My co-leader reacted by comparing the child with her daughter and the child’s mother to another â€Å"victim†. The reaction of my co-leader is certainly uncalled for and is beyond our professional limits as counselors. Nevertheless, there are several ways in handling the situation. The most immediate step that can be done is to control the situation. This can be achieved by directly intervening and talking things down. I can explain to the child that my co-leader has also been in the same situation as hers and that, as a consequence, her feelings can go off as well. On the other hand, I will also tell my co-leader that we should be professional in dealing with the children. I will explain to her that much is expected from us as counselors, and that we should not let our personal circumstances cloud our judgment. I will further remind her that the reason why we are counseling the children in the first place is because they need counseling and because we are in a better position to understand their experiences. It is said that â€Å"to behave in ways which are destructive to oneself or others is not only distressing and disturbing, but also ethically inadmissible† (Callender, 1998, p. 77). This particularly applies to counselors. Ethical guidelines should always be kept in mind so that counselors will act appropriately with respect to their clients (Voskuijl and Evers, 2007). It is important for us, counselors, to bear in mind our professional responsibilities. We should not let our emotions and personal circumstances get in the way of our responsibilities towards others. My co-leader should learn from the ethical guidelines of being a counselor or from plain moral sensibilities. How to cite Counseling Scenario, Papers

Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Factors Consumer Buying Behavior. Answer: Introduction Consumer behavior refers to study of the individuals, group of people or organizations regarding the activities associated with the purchasing, using and disposal of products and services. This discipline also includes the study of the consumers emotional, psychological and behavioral responses resulting in those activities. As stated by Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte (2012), consumer behavior is a study of integrated social sciences with elements taken from sociology, psychology, ethnography, behavioral economics, social anthropology and marketing. This is a complex field of study. Understanding consumer behavior is extremely important for any consumer goods and services manufacturing company. The emotions, tastes and preferences and attitudes of the consumers have a significant influence on the buying behavior, which has a direct impact on the sales and profit of the goods (Solomon et al., 2014). The companies take appropriate actions regarding production and marketing strategies based on the consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is affected by many factors and psychological factors are one of them. While studying and understanding the consumers buying behavior, the companies must focus on understanding the psychological factors. There are many theories of consumer behavior that address various aspects of it and it is highly important to understand those by the product to make a strong position in the market. Frederiks, Stenner Hobman (2015) say that as there is constant change in the standard of living, fashion, trend, technology, tastes and preferences, the purchasing behavior of the consumers varies too. Consumer behavior is the foundation of revenue and profit for the business managers and marketers. The main purpose of marketing is to satisfy the needs and demands of the customers and understanding consumer behavior helps them to decide the changes to be made in the current process or introducing any new product or strategies to grow the business. Consumer behavior is mostly dependent on the psychological and social factors as well as on the business factors, such as, quality and price of the products and services, brand image etc. (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013). To make necessary changes in the features of the product or in the marketing strategy, the psychological factors of consumer behavior must be analyzed and understood by the companies. Theories of consumer behavior There are multiple theories of consumer behavior, addressing different aspects, suitable for different purpose. From the marketers point of view, there are four major theories of consumer behavior. These theories majorly focus on the psychological factors and purchasing behavior of the consumers. Those are as follows. This theory by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in the late 1960s,addresses the pre-existing attitude of the customers that influence the purchasing decision making. The consumers act in their best intentions and take rational actions. The specificity is important, as the consumers take a specific decision when an equally specific outcome is expected (LaCaille, 2013). Hence, marketers must provide a specific positive result with a purchase and within the time between the intention of purchase and actual purchase the consumers can change their mind to change their purchase decision based on some rational act. EKB model expands the theory of reasoned action with a 5 step process during a purchasing behavior. The consumers first absorb the marketing information, process the information and compare with expectations and past experiences, take purchasing decision based on rational insight, while being influenced by the decisional variables and external factors and finally make the purchase (Solomon et al., 2014). The marketers must provide enough information to inflict the purchasing desire among the target consumers to create a brand image. This theory presents a pyramidal and hierarchical structure of the needs of people that shapes the motivation of them. The elements from the bottom of the pyramid are physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization (Anderson, 2014). The marketers try to create demands based on the hierarchy of needs. The consumers also prioritize their purchases towards fulfilling the needs, based on the hierarchy. This theory explains the creation of artificial need by the marketers. Consumers often make purchases based on the impulses. Sudden impulses for buying also exist alongside the rational buying decisions. According to Stern, the impulsive buying decisions are influenced by external factors. There are purely impulsive purchase, reminded impulsive purchase, suggested impulsive purchase and planned impulsive purchase. These provide immense scope to the marketers. They must find out the factors, such as, advertising, packaging and offers that can attract the target customers and create the impulses to make the purchase (Muruganantham Bhakat, 2013). Differences between consumer and organizational buying decisions Consumer buying decisions Organizational buying decisions Consumer wants and business needs Demand for discrete consumer products, which they may want but not need (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2012) Businesses need a solution to the specific business problems or equipment required for daily operation Specialized market Markets are huge with billions of customers Markets are smaller and vertical Degree of independence and closer proximity Remote transactions between buyers and sellers through a retailer (Tukej, Golob Podnar, 2013) Supplier visits the business to make a deal. Product importance Tangible products are more important Purchasing decisions goes beyond the tangible product and include various technical, economic and personal relationship (Wind, Thomas Sheth, 2014) Product customization Smaller consumer goods often do not provide the scope for high level of customization Business products are specialized. They need a high level of technical customization before applying Product knowledge Mass market does not require knowledge about the supplier or production process for purchasing (Oliver, 2014) Business buyers have in depth technical knowledge about the product, manufacturers and suppliers (Miller Rice, 2013) Expert buyers and multiple decision makers Individual purchasing decisions can be taken Collaborative decision taken by the board Buying process Informal and takes shorter time Formal and takes longer time Relationship between theory of consumer behavior and the development of marketing activities Marketing activities are developed according to the behavior of the consumers. Social, economic, psychological factors influence the purchasing decisions of the consumers. The marketing activities or strategies are designed following these factors and aligning those to the external and internal influential factors. Segmentation, targeting and positioning are done by the marketers according to the consumer behavior (Armstrong et al., 2015). By applying the theory of hierarchical needs or impulsive buying, the marketers segments the market and implements targeting policy according to their behavior. Positioning of the products is also done based on the consumer behavior. The marketing or promotional activities are designed according to the marketing strategies, undertaken following the theories of consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). The critical analysis of the marketing activities and the underlying consumer behavior can be explained through some real world examples. The marketers take the theory of needs, impulsive buying and reasoned action into consideration while developing the marketing activities. For example, the luxury car manufactures create artificial need to the customers, and they buy the luxury car for satisfying the social reasons, such as, esteem, status. They put the price over the basic need, which is a Veblen effect (Lantos, 2015). The cosmetics companies create artificial need and psychological feel good factor to the women and women buy the products to satisfy their impulsive buying behavior or the need of esteem and self actualization by looking beautiful and feeling confident (Schtte Ciarlante, 2016). People buy cereals to satisfy the basic need of food, while the cereal manufacturing companies offer slightly differentiated products and engage in non-price competition to capture a bigger market. These activities are undertaken to satisfy the impulsive buying nature and the physiological need of the consumers (East et al., 2016). People visit amusement parks to satisfy the need for recreation and the parks provide the feel of adventure, thrill and satisfaction that motivate the consumers to visit the parks (Lin, Li You, 2012). Application of theoretical frameworks to real world consumer contexts All the above mentioned examples are from the real world that highlights different type of purchasing behavior. All of these behaviors follow from the psychological factors, influencing the consumer behavior. The psychological factors of consumer behavior include lifestyle, self-image and personality of the consumers. The mannerisms, habits, emotions, tastes and references, perceptions, motivation, lifestyle outlook, learned experiences and motives, self-esteem, traditionalism, attitudes and beliefs are the fundamental psychological factors that determine the path of the consumer behavior (Oliver, 2014). All the consumer behavior is the resulting effect of various psychological, social and economic factors, which come from the lifestyle, social status, income, desire of the people and these shape the brand image, brand loyalty and responses to the marketing post purchase. The motivation and attitude towards making a purchase comes from the desire to own the product that would boost t he social status or make the consumer feel confident or just fulfill the basic needs (Shiau Luo, 2012). Hence, understanding the psychological factors is extremely essential to get the essence of the consumer behavior for the businesses. The needs and wants of the consumers should be analyzed by applying different theories of the consumer behavior, which would help the marketers to make proper segments of the market and choose the most appropriate strategy for the target market. References Anderson, A. (2014). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), 7. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2016).Consumer behaviour: Applications in marketing. Sage. Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., Hobman, E. V. (2015). Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 1385-1394. LaCaille, L. (2013). Theory of reasoned action. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1964-1967). Springer New York. Lantos, G. P. (2015).Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Lin, S. J., Li, C. H., You, C. S. (2012). Consumer behavior and perception of marketing strategy for amusement parks: A case study of Taiwan.African Journal of Business Management,6(14), 4795. Miller, E. J., Rice, A. K. (Eds.). (2013).Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient boundaries. Routledge. Muruganantham, G., Bhakat, R. S. (2013). A review of impulse buying behavior.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), 149. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Schtte, H., Ciarlante, D. (2016).Consumer behaviour in Asia. Springer. Shiau, W. L., Luo, M. M. (2012). Factors affecting online group buying intention and satisfaction: A social exchange theory perspective.Computers in Human Behavior,28(6), 2431-2444. Solomon, M. R., Dahl, D. W., White, K., Zaichkowsky, J. L., Polegato, R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Pearson. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J. (2012).Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tukej, U., Golob, U., Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumerbrand identification in building brand relationships.Journal of business research,66(1), 53-59. Wind, Y., Thomas, R. J., Sheth, J. N. (2014).Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications.